• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2021

Simulation is a widely used functional verification method for FBD programs of PLC-based digital I&C system in nuclear power plants. It is difficult, however, to estimate the thoroughness (i.e., effectiveness or quality) of a simulation in the absence of any clear measure for the estimation. This paper proposes two sets of structural coverage adequacy criteria for the FBD simulation, toggle coverage and modified condition/decision coverage, which can estimate the thoroughness of simulation scenarios for FBD programs, as recommended by international standards for functional safety. We developed two supporting tools to generate numerous simulation scenarios and to measure automatically the coverages of the scenarios. The results of our experiment on five FBD programs demonstrated that the measures and tools can help software engineers estimate the thoroughness and improve the simulation scenarios quantitatively.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.759-764
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• 2006

This paper introduces test plan and scenario sets proposed by CDG(CDMA Development Group)for wireless location determination technologies performance evaluation, and proposes new test criteria and scenario sets which are more suitable in Korea environment. We propose two scenario sets. One is based on wireless network coverage, and another is based on test types. We evaluate the performance of AGPS(Assisted-GPS) receiver designed by Hanyang Navicom Co., ltd. and analyze the results according to proposed test criteria and scenario sets.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.2889-2909
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• 2017

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted lots of attention in recent years due to their potential for various applications. In this paper, we seek how to efficiently deploy relay nodes into traditional static WSNs with constrained locations, aiming to satisfy specific requirements of the industry, such as average energy consumption and average network reliability. This constrained relay node deployment problem (CRNDP) is known as NP-hard optimization problem in the literature. We consider addressing this multi-objective (MO) optimization problem with an improved Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm with a linear local search (MOABCLLS), which is an extension of an improved ABC and applies two strategies of MO optimization. In order to verify the effectiveness of the MOABCLLS, two versions of MO ABC, two additional standard genetic algorithms, NSGA-II and SPEA2, and two different MO trajectory algorithms are included for comparison. We employ these metaheuristics on a test data set obtained from the literature. For an in-depth analysis of the behavior of the MOABCLLS compared to traditional methodologies, a statistical procedure is utilized to analyze the results. After studying the results, it is concluded that constrained relay node deployment using the MOABCLLS outperforms the performance of the other algorithms, based on two MO quality metrics: hypervolume and coverage of two sets.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.812-822
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• 2014

Metagenomic analysis of the human intestinal microbiota has extended our understanding of the role of these bacteria in improving human intestinal health; however, a number of reports have shown that current total fecal DNA extraction methods and 16S rRNA universal primer sets could affect the species coverage and resolution of these analyses. Here, we improved the extraction method for total DNA from human fecal samples by optimization of the lysis buffer, boiling time (10 min), and bead-beating time (0 min). In addition, we developed a new long-range 16S rRNA universal PCR primer set targeting the V6 to V9 regions with a 580 bp DNA product length. This new 16S rRNA primer set was evaluated by comparison with two previously developed 16S rRNA universal primer sets and showed high species coverage and resolution. The optimized total fecal DNA extraction method and newly designed long-range 16S rRNA universal primer set will be useful for the highly accurate metagenomic analysis of adult and infant intestinal microbiota with minimization of any bias.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.421-433
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• 1998

In this paper, matching priors for P(X < Y) are investigated when both distributions are exponential distributions. Two recent approaches for finding noninformative priors are introduced. The first one is the verger and Bernardo's forward and backward reference priors that maximizes the expected Kullback-Liebler Divergence between posterior and prior density. The second one is the matching prior identified by matching the one sided posterior credible interval with the frequentist's desired confidence level. The general forms of the second- order matching prior are presented so that the one sided posterior credible intervals agree with the frequentist's desired confidence levels up to O(n$^{-1}$ ). The frequentist coverage probabilities of confidence sets based on several noninformative priors are compared for small sample sizes via the Monte-Carlo simulation.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.3885-3906
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• 2020

Hybrid fuzzing which combines fuzzing and concolic execution, has proved its ability to achieve higher code coverage and therefore find more bugs. However, current hybrid fuzzers usually suffer from inefficiency and poor scalability when applied to complex, real-world program testing. We observed that the performance bottleneck is the inefficient cooperation between the fuzzer and concolic executor and the slow symbolic emulation. In this paper, we propose a novel solution named EPfuzzer to improve hybrid fuzzing. EPfuzzer implements two key ideas: 1) only the hardest-to-reach branch will be prioritized for concolic execution to avoid generating uninteresting inputs; and 2) only input bytes relevant to the target branch to be flipped will be symbolized to reduce the overhead of the symbolic emulation. With these optimizations, EPfuzzer can be efficiently targeted to the hardest-to-reach branch. We evaluated EPfuzzer with three sets of programs: five real-world applications and two popular benchmarks (LAVA-M and the Google Fuzzer Test Suite). The evaluation results showed that EPfuzzer was much more efficient and scalable than the state-of-the-art concolic execution engine (QSYM). EPfuzzer was able to find more bugs and achieve better code coverage. In addition, we discovered seven previously unknown security bugs in five real-world programs and reported them to the vendors.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.561-589
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• 2022

When multiple classifications and regression trees are combined, tree-based ensemble models, such as random forest (RF) and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART), are produced. We compare the model structures and performances of various ensemble models for regression settings in this study. RF learns bootstrapped samples and selects a splitting variable from predictors gathered at each node. The BART model is specified as the sum of trees and is calculated using the Bayesian backfitting algorithm. Throughout the extensive simulation studies, the strengths and drawbacks of the two methods in the presence of missing data, high-dimensional data, or highly correlated data are investigated. In the presence of missing data, BART performs well in general, whereas RF provides adequate coverage. The BART outperforms in high dimensional, highly correlated data. However, in all of the scenarios considered, the RF has a shorter computation time. The performance of the two methods is also compared using two real data sets that represent the aforementioned situations, and the same conclusion is reached.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.1089-1102
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• 2017

In software systems, it has been observed that a fault is often caused by an interaction between a small number of input parameters. Even for moderately sized software systems, exhaustive testing is practically impossible to achieve. This is either due to time or cost constraints. Combinatorial (t-way) testing provides a technique to select a subset of exhaustive test cases covering all of the t-way interactions, without much of a loss to the fault detection capability. In this paper, an approach is proposed to generate 2-way (pairwise) test sets using genetic algorithms. The performance of the algorithm is improved by creating an initial solution using the overlap coefficient (a similarity matrix). Two mutation strategies have also been modified to improve their efficiency. Furthermore, the mutation operator is improved by using a combination of three mutation strategies. A comparative survey of the techniques to generate t-way test sets using genetic algorithms was also conducted. It has been shown experimentally that the proposed approach generates faster results by achieving higher percentage coverage in a fewer number of generations. Additionally, the size of the mixed covering arrays was reduced in one of the six benchmark problems examined.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.145-168
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• 2007

전자상거래에서 거래되는 상품들에 대한 고객의 선호도를 사전에 파악하여 고객이 자신의 취향에 적합한 상품을 쉽게 찾도록 도와주고 전자상거래에 업체에 있어서는 목표고객의 설정을 자동적으로 처리할 수 있는 시스템이 추천시스템이다. 추천시스템은 고객과 업체 모두에게 이득을 가져올 수 있는 시스템으로 현재 많은 전자상거래 업체들이 적용 중에 있다. 본 연구는 전자상거래에서 널리 이용되고 있는 협력적 추천기법을 이용하여 고객 선호도 예측의 정확도를 향상시키기 위하여 고객들간의 선호도 유사 정도를 나타내는 유사도 가중치에 일정 범위의 임계치를 설정하였다. 임계치의 설정에 따라 선호도 예측의 정확도가 향상되었으나 임계치의 설정 범위에 따라 고객 선호도를 예측할 수 있는 비율이 감소함을 알 수 있었으며 이에 따라 추천을 할 수 없는 고객이 발생할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 결과를 바탕으로 고객에 대한 추천과 예측의 정확도를 동시에 고려하는 임계치 설정에 대하여 더 많은 연구가 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.301-317
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose a change point detection procedure based on the modified information criterion in a generalized lambda distribution (GLD) model. Simulations are conducted to obtain empirical critical values of the proposed test statistic. We have also conducted simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods comparing to the log-likelihood method in terms of power, coverage probability, and confidence sets. Our results indicate that, under various conditions, the proposed method modified information criterion (MIC) approach shows good finite sample properties. Furthermore, we propose a new goodness-of-fit testing procedure based on the energy distance to evaluate the asymptotic null distribution of our test statistic. Two real data applications are provided to illustrate the use of the proposed method.