• 음성과학
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.143-156
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• 2004

In this paper, we implemented a vocabulary-independent speech recognizer using the TMS320VC33 DSP. For this implementation, we had developed very small-sized recognition engine based on diphone sub-word unit, which is especially suited for embedded applications where the system resources are severely limited. The recognition accuracy of the developed recognizer with 1 mixture per state and 4 states per diphone is 94.5% when tested on frequently-used 2000 words set. The design of the hardware was focused on minimal use of parts, which results in reduced material cost. The finally developed hardware only includes a DSP, 512 Kword flash ROM and a voice codec. In porting the recognition engine to the DSP, we introduced several methods of using data and program memory efficiently and developed the versatile software protocol for host interface. Finally, we also made an evaluation board for testing the developed hardware recognition module.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.559-571
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• 2016

This paper studies the feasibility of renewable energy as a substitute for nuclear and energy by considering Korean customers' willingness to pay (WTP). For this analysis, we use the contingent valuation method to estimate the WTP of renewable energy, and then estimate its value using ordered logistic regression. To replace nuclear power and fossil energy with renewable energy in Korea, an average household is willing to pay an additional 102,388 Korean Won (KRW) per month (approx. US $85). Therefore, the yearly economic value of renewable energy in Korea is about 19.3 trillion KRW (approx. US $16.1 billion). Considering that power generation with only renewable energy would cost an additional 35 trillion KRW per year, it is economically infeasible for renewable energy to be the sole method of low-carbon energy generation in Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3159-3163
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• 2012

Background: For cervical cancer the epidemiological profile is poorly known in Morocco and no data is available concerning the direct medical costs. The purpose of this work is to estimate the direct cost of medical management of invasive cervical cancer during the first year after diagnosis in Morocco. Methods: The estimation of direct costs of medical management of invasive cervical cancer during the first year after diagnosis in Morocco is based on the estimation of individual cost in each stage which covers diagnosis, treatment and follow-up during first year. The cost was estimated per patient and whole cycle-set using the costs for each drug and procedure as indicated by the Moroccan National Agency for Health Insurance. Extrapolation of the results to the whole country was used to calculate the total annual cost of cervical cancer treatments in Morocco. Results: Overall approximately 1,978 new cases of cervical cancer occur each year in Morocco. The majority (82.96%) of these cases were diagnosed at a late stage (stageII or more). The cost of one case of cervical cancer depends on stage of diagnosis, the lowest cost is $382 for stageCis followed by the cost of stageIA1 for young women (< 40 years) which is $2,952. The highest cost is for stageIV, which is $7,827. The total cost of cervical cancer care for one year after diagnosis is estimated at $13,589,360. The share allocated to treatment is the most important part of the global care budget with an annual sum of $13,027,609 whereas other cost components are represented as follows: $435,694 for annual follow-up activity and $126,057 for diagnosis and preclinical staging. Conclusion: This study provides health decision-makers with a first estimate of costs and the opportunity to achieve the optimal use of available data to estimate the needs of health facilities in Morocco.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2005

Objectives : To help develop strategies to cope with the changes arising from the rapid aging process by predicting the determining factors of intention to actual use of the charged long-term care services for elderly as perceived by the middle aged who play the major role of supports. Methods : Subjects were the parents (men 177, women 507) in their 40s of the students selected from a university of Busan city. A questionnaire survey was conducted for 4 weeks in October 2003 about the knowledge for long-term care service, the intention of actual use, and the preferences about the type of service suppliers. Data analysis was performed with frequency, chi-square test, and t-test using SPSS program (ver 10.0K), along with data mining using decision tree of Enterprise Miner V8.2 by SAS. Results : About half of the subjects (53.7%) had the actual experiences of elderly supports. Intentions to use the charged services were relatively high in home visiting nursing care service (40.1%) and long-term care facilities service (40.4%), and were influenced by previous knowledge about the services. The intentions were stronger in women, those with higher education, and those with greater income levels. Actual elderly supports were mostly (80%) done by women, and the perceived burdens for the supports were bigger in women and those of lower socioeconomic level. Desired charges were about 10,000 won for the bath service, 20,000 won for the rests services per day, and about 500,000 won for the long-term care facilities service per month. From the result of decision tree analysis, the job professionalism was the most important determining factor of intention to actual use of the services with validation as $63{\sim}71%$. Health and welfare mixed type facilities were preferred, and the most important consideration was the level of professionalism. Conclusions : Intention to actual use of the charged services was largely determined by the aspects of time and cost. Polices to increase the number of service suppliers and to decrease the burdens perceived by actual supporters were strongly recommended.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2004

It has been recognized that the hen, like its mammalian counterparts, provides young chicks with antibodies as protection against hostile invaders. This system facilitates the transfer of specific antibodies from serum to egg yolk, and provides a supply of antibodies called immunoglobulin Y(IgY) to the developing embryo and the hatched chick. The protection against pathogens that the relatively immune-incompetent newly hatched chick has, is through transmission of antibodies from the mother via the egg. Egg yolk, therefore, can be loaded with a large amount of IgY against pathogens which can immobilize the existing or invading pathogens during the embryo development or in day-old chicks. Thus, the immunization of laying hens to various pathogens results in production of different antigen-specific IgY in eggs. Egg yolk contains 8∼20 mg of jmmunoglobulins (IgY) per ml or 136∼340 mg per yolk suggesting that more than 30 g of IgY can be obtained from one immunized hen in a year. By immunizing laying hens with antigens and collecting IgY from egg yolk, low cost antibodies at less than $10 per g compared to more than $20,000 per g of mammalian IgG can be obtained. This IgY technology opens new potential market applications in medicine, public health, veterinary medicine and food safety. A broader use of IgY technology could be applied as biological or diagnostic tool, nutraceutical or functional food development, oral-supplementation for prophylaxis, and as pathogen-specific antimicrobial agents for infectious disease control. This paper has emphasized that when IgY-loaded chicken eggs are produced and consumed, the specific antibody binds, immobilizes and consequently reduces or inhibits the growth or colony forming abilities of microbial pathogens. This concept could serve as an alternative agent to replace the use of antibiotics, since today, more and more antibiotics are less effective in the treatment of infections, due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.78-86
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• 2024

연구배경: 본 연구를 통해 전문병원과 비전문병원에서 인공관절치환술(슬관절)을 받은 입원환자를 대상으로, 전문병원 지정 여부에 따른 입원환자의 의료이용을 비교하여 전문병원제도의 효과성을 파악하고자 한다. 방법: 본 연구는 2021-2022년 건강보험심사평가원(Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service) 요양급여비용 청구자료를 활용하였다. 종속변수는 입원환자의 의료이용으로, 건당 진료비와 재원일수를 선정하였다. 독립변수는 전문병원 지정 여부이며, 통제변수는 환자 단위 변수(연령, 성별, 보험자 유형, 수술 유형 및 Charlson comorbidity index)와 의료기관 단위 변수(설립 구분, 종별 구분, 소재지, 정형외과 의사 수 및 간호사 수)를 선정하였다. 결과: 건당 진료비와 전문병원 지정 여부 간 다중회귀분석 결과, 건당 진료비와 전문병원 지정 여부 간 통계적으로 유의미한 음(-)의 관계가 있었다. 이는 전문병원이 비전문병원에 비해 건당 진료비가 유의하게 낮다는 것을 의미하며, 전문병원과 비전문병원의 입원환자 간 의료이용 결과에 차이가 있음을 시사한다. 결론: 본 연구의 정책적 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전문병원 지정기준의 완화가 필요하다. 본 연구결과, 전문병원이 비전문병원에 비해 건당 진료비가 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 전문병원의 비용 효과성에도 불구하고 전문병원 지정에 대한 높은 진입장벽으로 인해 수도권 및 대도시 지역에 전문병원이 집중되어 있다. 전문병원의 지역불균형을 해소하기 위해 "준전문병원(가칭)"을 도입하는 등 비수도권 전문병원 지정기준을 완화한다면, 지역간 건강격차 해소 및 의료비 절감의 효과를 불러올 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 병원 의료인력 규모의 적정성을 판단할 필요가 있다. 본 연구결과, 정형외과 의사 수 및 간호사 수에 따라 건당 진료비에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 병원 의료인력 적정 배분을 바탕으로 의료서비스의 비용 효과성을 극대화함으로써 의료비를 절감하는 효과를 불러올 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.18-27
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• 2012

Despite the rapid development in the construction industry due to the changing new technologies, many projects still fail to meet target deadlines. Shortage in manpower and skilled laborers is one of the main reasons for such delays. Markets with high economic growth and economic expansion (such as Gulf Countries in the Middle East) may have pronounced labor the shortages. Labor subcontracting practices are used sometimes to increase production rates and meet project deadlines. This paper explains and analyses labor subcontracting practices currently being used in many places around the world (and especially in the Gulf Countries) and in particular defines a maximum overtime rate for laborers in the laborer-subcontracting method ensuring that the contractor gains both the time saved during overtime and also reduces the cost per unit produced. The mathematical model used formalizes a closed-form equation for overtime pay in similar situations and as such can be applicable worldwide. Data was collected from representative projects that employed such practices from various trades. Validation of the model and formula has been tested successfully by analyzing historic data. The results prove that contractors often do not reach the optimum use of their practices resulting in a higher cost per unit. The presented model and the analysis should be of interest to many contractors currently involved in the practice or considering its use and to those who wish to find new methods that would help in eliminating as much wastes as possible by allocating their resources in the most efficient way.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.629-635
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate school dietitians' use of processed and packaged foods in Incheon. This study was carried out through a questionnaire and the subjects were 203 school dietitians in Incheon. The results are summarized as follows. Dairy product was the processed and packaged food used most frequently by the subjects for school lunch. Most subjects used processed and packaged foods for school lunch once or twice per week. The first criteria for their choosing processed and packaged foods was manufacturing company. Also major reason for their using processed and packaged foods for school lunch was saving cooking time, easy purchase, hygienical packing and less garbage. The most common information source on processed and packaged foods for school lunch was promotion of food company. The subjects checked labelling of processed and packaged foods in order of open-date, manufacturer, origin of product, nutrition facts, ingredients and food additives. Some results were significantly different among the subjects by employment school, type of meal management and cost per meal. For children and adolescents' nutrition and well-being through school lunch, it is necessary to prepare a database of the processed and packaged foods and education program concerning nutrition labelling and food safety.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전기기기 및 에너지변환시스템부문
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• pp.70-72
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• 2002

LPM that is used for head driver is problem of miniaturization of construction and cost. This can be achieved by most suitable shape decision. and suitable selection of control system. Specially, in LPM that Full step is mm$\sim$um unit. the large change of thrust receives much effect by tooth number per pole. tooth width and slot width about change of the air gap length. Therefore, this paper presents LPM that use for suitable head driver to reduce of the structure and the cost. to generate maximum thrust of LPM, and finds the proportion of the tooth pitch to tooth width and the slot width about change of the air gap length through FEM analysis. Also, applying different tooth width and slot width that is given as analysis result. this paper presented model that thrust is improved.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.685-695
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• 2015

This paper proposes a novel video delivery scheme that reduces the bandwidth consumption cost from a video server to terminals in Long-Term Evolution networks. This proposed scheme combines optimized hybrid multicast with a segment-based caching strategy for use in environments where the maximum number of multicast channels is limited. The optimized hybrid multicast, allocation of multicast channels, and cache allocation are determined on the basis of a video's request rate, the related video's length, and the variable cost per unit size of a segment belonging to the related video. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed scheme reduces a video's delivery costs. This work is applicable to on-demand TV services that feature asynchronous video content requests.