• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.297-316
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is searching for hemodialysis nursing bahaviors by hemodialysis room nurses and analyzing them. Then, it estimates hemodialysis nursing costs and obtains basic data for development of proper nursing costs. First, it searched for hemodialysis nursing behaviors at a tertiary hospital hemodialysis room in Seoul and classified them. After the content validity was verified by 6 experts, Tool of hemodialysis nursing behaviors was developed. patients who recived hemodialysis were classified by dialysis patient classification tool. The searcher observed hemodialysis nursing behaviors applied to classified patients per 5 minutes. Then hemodialysis nursing hours spent to classified patients were calculated respectively. The direct expenditures and indirect expenditures were estimated. Ultimately, hemodialysis nursing costs were estimated. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. hemodialysis nursing behaviors were grouped by the same knowledge and skills. then, the content validity of them was verified by evaluation tool of nursing intervention classification by expert groups. They consisted of 9 hemodialysis activity domains and 71 hemodialysis nursing behaviors. The predialysis activity domain included 15 nursing behaviors, the activity domain of start-dialysis included 12 nursing behaviors, the activity domain of during- dialysis included 9 nursing behaviors, the activity domain of finish-dialysis included 5 nursing behaviors, the activity domain of after-dialysis included 5 nursing behaviors, the nursing documentation & undertaking and transfering included 5 nursing behaviors, the supply, drug, equipment & environment management activity domain included 7 nursing behaviors, the patient emotional support & education activity domain included 4 nursing behaviors, the emergency activity domain included 9 nursing behaviors. 2. The acute hemodialysis nursing hours were 106.42 minutes per a dialysis and the chroni hemodialysis nursing hours were 72.23 minutes per a dialysis. 3. The direct expenditure was 11.971 won per hour and indirect expenditure was 288won. 4. Finally, the cost of acute hemodialysis was 21,745 won and that of chronic hemodialysis was 14,759 won. By search of hemodialysis nursing behaviors, they will be used as hemodialysis nursing care standard and will be tended toward high qualitative care. Estimation of hemodialysis nursing costs will be used as fundamental data for development of proper nursing costs.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Recently Digital TV industry has drastically been moving the illuminating system, which causes an obvious product change from PDP and LCD to LED model to provide high-definition image. Due to strong competition in the digital industry, TV manufacturers make a great efforts to reduce production cost by using low-priced materials such as steels instead of aluminum and plastic etc. In this paper we have developed a new low-priced electrogalvanized steel sheet, which has a black resin composite layer, to substitute conventional high-priced PCM steel and plastic mold for rear cover panel in the digital TV. The black resin composite was prepared by mechanical dispersion of the mixture solution that consists of high solid polyester resin, melamine hardener, black pigment, micronized silica paste, polyacrylate texturing particle and miscellaneous additives. The composite solution was coated on the steel sheet using roll coater followed by induction furnace curing and cooling. Although the coated layer has a half thickness compared to the conventional PCM steels having $23{\mu}m$ thickness, it exhibits excellent quality for the usage of rear cover panel. The new steel sheet was applied to test products to get quality certification from worldwide electronic appliance customers. Detailed discussion provides in this paper including preparation of composite solution, roll coating technology, induction curing technology and quality evaluation from customers.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2013

Background: Colorectal cancer shows a significant increase in South Korea due to westernization of diet, lack of dietary fiber, drinking and smoking, irregular defecation. There are surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy in treatment of colorectal cancer. There may be a medication errors in the process of chemotherapy because of its high toxicity, narrow therapeutic index and the health status of cancer patients. Consequently medication errors can cause increasing the risk of death, prolonging hospital stay and increasing the cost. Among medication errors on medication use process, prescribing errors are of particular concern due to higher risk of serious consequences. It is important for pharmacist to prevent the prescribing errors before reaching patient. Therefore we analyzed the prescriptions of colorectal cancer, classified prescribing errors, suggested guideline to reduce prescribing errors and verified the importance of pharmacist's role in prevention of medication errors activity. Methods: We collected the numbers of prescriptions of colorectal cancer(n=2,373) through anti cancer management program and EMR and analyzed the errors of prescriptions by categories from Oct 1st 2011 to Sep 30th 2012 at Chungbuk National University Hospital. We reviewed the prescriptions as follows - patients' characteristics, the result of test, previous prescriptions, characteristics of antineoplastic agents and patients' allergy, drug sensitivity, adverse events. Prescriptions are classified into inpatient and outpatient and analyzed the errors of prescriptions by categories (dosage form, dose, input, diluents, regimen, product). Results: Total prescription number of inpatient and outpatient of colorectal cancer was 1,193 and 1,180 and that of errors was 107(9%) and 22(1.9%), respectively. In case of errors of categories, the number of errors of dosage form is 69 and 8, errors of dose is 15 and 5, errors of input is 9 and 9 in inpatient and outpatient prescriptions, respectively. Errors of diluents is 8, errors of regimen is 3, errors of product is 3 in only inpatient prescriptions. In case of errors of categories by inpatient department, the number of errors of dosage form is 34 and 35, errors of dose is 7 and 8, errors of input is 6 and 3, errors of diluents is 4 and 4, errors of regimen is 2 and 1, errors of product is 2 and 1 in SG and HO, respectively. In case of outpatient department, the number of errors of dosage form is 8 in HO, errors of dose is 5 in HO, errors of input is 5 and 4 in SG and HO, respectively. Conclusions: The rate of errors of inpatient is higher than that of outpatient. Junior doctors are engaged in prescriptions of inpatient and pharmacist need to pay attention to review all prescriptions. If prescribing errors are discovered, pharmacist should contact the prescriber and correct the errors without delay. The guideline to reduce prescribing errors might be upgrading software of anti cancer management program, education for physicians as well as pharmacists and calling prescriber's attention to preventing recurrence of errors.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.132-137
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• 2020

Lithium secondary batteries have become an important power source for portable electronic devices such as cellular phones, laptop computers. Presently, commercialized lithium-ion batteries use a LiCoO₂ cathode. However, due to the high cost and environmental problems resulting from cobalt, an intensive search for new electrode materials is being actively conducted. Recently, solid solution LiMn_1-xNi_xO₂ have become attractive because of high capacity and enhanced safety at high voltages over 4.5 V. The Li_1.6Ni_0.35Mn_0.65O₂ compounds were conventionally prepared by a sol-gel method, which can produce the layered Li-Ni-Mn-O compounds with a high homogeneity. And by adding a graphene 2wt% the first charge-discharge voltage profiles was increased over Li_1.6Ni_0.35Mn_0.65O₂ compound. Also, the variation s of the discharge capacities with cycling showed a higher capacity retention rater. In this study, material lifecycle evaluation was performed to analyze the environmental impact characteristics of Li_1.6Ni_0.35Mn_0.65O₂ & graphene 2wt% half-cell manufacturing process. The software of material life cycle assessment was Gabi. Through this, environmental impact assessment was performed for each process. The environmental loads induced by Li_1.6Ni_0.35Mn_0.65O₂ & graphene 2wt% synthesis process were quantified and analyzed, and the results showed that the amount of power had the greatest impact on the environment.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2018

Ballasted track has been widely used due to its flexibility. However, the plastic deformation of ballasted track causes the evolution of track geometrical errors, and hence it requires continuous maintenance; increase in number of trains, weight, and speed expedites maintenance frequency and cost as well. Ballast stiffness is well-known as an indicator of design and maintenance. In this regard, this paper aims to suggest the method to measure ballast track stiffness using light-weight deflectometer (LWD) and thus verify its applicability as a maintenance measure. Preliminary field tests determined simple field testing protocol to measure track stiffness. The apparent ballast stiffness by LWD shows good corelation with TQI (Track Quality Index) and maintenance length. That is, as average of apparent stiffness increase, TQI and tamping length decrease exponentially. Therefore, apparent stiffness can be used as an index for ballast condition assessment.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2008

RFID systems provide technologies of automatic object identification through wireless communications in invisible ranges and adaptability against various circumstances. These advantages make RFID systems to be applied in various fields of industries and individual life. However, it is difficult to use tags with distinction as tags are increasingly used in life because a tag usually stores only one object identifier in common RFID applications. In addition, RFID systems often make serious violation of privacy caused by various attacks because of their weakness of radio frequency communication. Therefore, information sharing methods among applications are necessary for expansive development of RFID systems. In this paper, we propose efficient RFID scheme. At first, we design a new RFID tag structure which supports many object identifiers of different applications in a tag and allows those applications to access them simultaneously. Secondly, we propose an authentication protocol to support the proposed tag structure. The proposed protocol is designed by considering of robustness against various attacks in low cost RFID systems. Especially, the proposed protocol is focused on efficiency of authentication procedure by considering security levels of applications. In the proposed protocol, each application goes through one of different authentication procedures according to their security levels. Finally, we prove efficiency of th proposed scheme compared with the other schemes through experiments and evaluation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.136-146
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• 1999

A series of experiments were carried out in winter to investigate the indoor thermal environment in greenhouses with different kinds of heating systems, and characterize the energy consumption, heat transport and thermal energy efficiency of each system. By the Quantitative calculation of heat losses which transmit through the covers of greenhouse, the fundamental data of energy-saving of the particular heating system were obtained. And from the analysis of air temperature differences between indoor and outside, it was possible to select more effective energy-saving and comfortable heating system in greenhouses. The electric heater was more stable in thermal environment and cheaper in cost, since it could be used during the surplus time of electric power from 10：00 p.M. to 8：00 A.M. But the low air temperature in greenhouses besides these times resulted in a chilling problem of the crops. The heating system by hot air had the advantage to show nearly uniform temperature difference by the height above the ground. But the system had the disadvantage to require more energy consumption than the electric heating system.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.144-152
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• 2006

The telemedicine using independent client-server system via networks can provide high quality normalized services to many hospitals, specifically to local/rural area hospitals. This will eventually lead to a decreased medical cost because the centralized institute can handle big computer hardware systems and complicated software systems efficiently and economically, Customized cancer radiation treatment planning for each patient Is very useful for both a patient and a doctor because it makes possible for the most effective treatment with the least possible dose to patient. Radiation planners know that too small a dose to the tumor can result in recurrence of the cancer, while too large a dose to healthy tissue can cause complications or even death. The best solution is to build an accurate planning simulation system to provide better treatment strategies based on each patient's computerized tomography (CT) image. We are developing a web-based and a network-based customized cancer radiation therapy simulation system consisting of four Important computer codes; a CT managing code for preparing the patients target data from their CT image files, a parallel Monte Carlo high-energy beam code (PMCEPT code) for calculating doses against the target generated from the patient CT image, a parallel linear programming code for optimizing the treatment plan, and scientific data visualization code for efficient pre/post evaluation of the results. The whole softwares will run on a high performance Beowulf PC cluster of about 100-200 CPUs. Efficient management of the hardware and software systems is not an easy task for a hospital. Therefore, we integrated our system into the client-sewer system via network or web and provide high quality normalized services to many hospitals. Seamless communication with doctors is maintained via messenger function of the server-client system.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2005

The core price policy of on-line game marketing are FPP(Fixed Pre Paid model and PPU(Pay Per Use) model. These two models have been a on-line game company's billing system and a fundamental of MMORPG in Korea. However, they took root billing system only for first movers recently. In now, the market share of several first movers is exceeding 80%, late movers witch have same billing system cannot take part in pair competition. Even though in MMORPG, many games of late movers were favorably noticed by a lot of gamers during Evaluation. Test, a lot of companies are bankrupt before make business. Late Movers declare free game first thing, they maintain their existence and win over customers in on-line game market. And next, they guarantee item selling, give multiple experience value and game money, at last, induce their customers to pay service. As it makes trouble between pay user and free user, and it linked up with the collapse of game contents balance that designed for FPP billing system, And then meet unexpected result which reduction of game life cycle. In this Paper, we classified several contents services based on game contents, and suggested contents premium services which adopted low cost strategy lead to micro payment. we hope it will apply to late movers' new billing system in MMORPG.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.596-605
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• 2003

Statement of problem : IPS Empress2 system was developed and used in prosthodontic treatment, but the cost of ingot is expensive for wide application. Purpose : This study was to investigate the possibility on recycling of IPS Empress 2 ceramic for wide application of IPS Empress 2 ceramic in prosthodontic treatment. Material and Method : 1st, 2nd and 3rd pressed disc-shaped($10{\times}1.5mm$) IPS Empress 2 specimens were made with IPS Empress ingot(200, Ivoclar, Liechtenstein) and pressing furnace(IPS Empress EP 500, Ivoclar, Liechtenstein). Vicker's surface hardness and fracture toughness, acid resistance, and pressing accuracy of IPS Empress 2 ceramic were measured and analyzed. Surface hardness was measured by microhardness tester(MTX 70. Matsuzawa, Japan), before and after surface treatment with 0.5% hydrofluoric acid and carbonic acid(Coca cola) for evaluation of acid resistance. Results : The surface hardness of 1st pressed specimen was the higher(5.11 GPa) than those of 2nd pressed(4.89 GPa) and 3rd pressed specimen(4.86 GPa), and the fracture toughness of 1st pressed ($1.58MPam^{1/2}$) and 2nd pressed specimen($1.51MPam^{1/2}$) were higher than that of 3rd pressed specimen($1.39MPam^{1/2}$). The changes of surface hardness of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pressed specimens after treatment with fluoric acid were 0.17, 0.06, 0.05 (GPa) respectively, and those of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pressed specimens after treatment with carbonic acid were 0.07, 0.00, 0.05(MPa) respectively. The pressing accuracy of 1st,2nd and 3rd specimen were 77.22%, 85.681%, and 75.05%. The pressing accuracy of 2nd pressed specimen was higher than that of the 3rd specimen. Conclusion : The changes of physical properties according to recycling of IPS Empress 2 from this study were insignificant. Therefore the possibility of recycling of IPS Empress 2 can be suggested from the results.