• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2021

Background: With increasing economic evaluation studies on the treatment of or screening tools for liver diseases that cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), interest in the analysis of the medical utilization and costs of HCC treatment is increasing. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the medical utilization and costs of HCC patients, and calculate the cost of main procedures for HCC treatment, including liver transplant (LT), hepatic resection (HR), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Methods: We analyzed claim data from January to December 2018 from the Health Insurance and Review and Assessment Service-National Patient Sample (HIRA-NPS-2018) dataset, including data of patients diagnosed with HCC (Korean Standard Classification of Diseases code C22.0) who had at least one inpatient claim for HCC. Results: A total of 715 HCC patients were identified. In 2018, the yearly average medical cost per HCC patient was ₩18,460K (thousand), of which ₩14,870K was attributed to HCC. Among the total medical costs of HCC patients, the inpatient cost accounted for the largest portion of both the total medical and HCC-related costs. The major procedures of HCC treatment occurred most frequently in the order of TACE, RFA, HR, and LT. The average medical cost per treatment episode was the highest for LT (₩87,280K), followed by HR (₩10,026K), TACE (₩4,047K), and RFA (₩2,927K). Conclusion: By identifying the medical costs of HCC patients and the costs of the main procedures of HCC treatment, our results provide basic information that could be utilized for cost estimation in liver disease-related economic evaluation studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2020

Recently the importance of BIM (Building Information Modeling) that enables 3D location-based design and construction work is being highlighted around the world. In Korea, the road map has been established to settle the design based on BIM using drone survey results by 2025. As the first step, BIM would be applied to road construction projects worth more than 50 billion Korean Won from 2020. On the other hand, drone survey regulation has been enacted and the data for drone survey cost were also included on Standard of construction estimate in 2020. However, more careful improvement is required to reflect drone survey results in BIM design and construction. Currently, Engineering instructions and Standard of construction estimate specifies that earthwork volume must be calculated by cross section method only. So it is required to add the method of DEM (Digital Elevation Model) based volume calculation on these regulations to realize BIM application. In order for that, this study verified the method of DEM based earthwork volume calculation. To get an accurate DEM for accurate volume computation, drone survey was carried out according to the drone survey regulation and then could get an accurate DEM data which have errors less than 3cm in X, Y and 6.8cm in H. As each DEM cell has 3D coordinate component, the volume of each cell can be calculated by obtaining the height of area of the cell then total volume is calculated by multiplying total number of cells by volume of each cell for the construction area. Verification for the new calculation method compare with existing method was carried out. The difference between DEM based volume by drone survey and cross section based volume by traditional survey was less than 1.33% and it can be seen that new DEM method will be able to be applied to BIM design and construction instead of cross section method.

• Architectural research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2020

This paper reports problems of current working environment on construction site in South Korea from a female laborers' point of view and proposes solutions to improve the environment. To investigate and analyze the problems, a questionnaire survey and a focus group interview were conducted with 341 engineers and 557 laborers. Among them female engineers and female laborers were 51 and 136 respectively. Findings are the facilities related with welfare facilities such as lavatories, shower rooms, lounges and changing room, etc. for women were not sufficient and even not installed only for women because all of the planners for the facilities were men and The Standard of Estimate does not consider gender distinction. The data on the trade and the number of female laborers were not recorded and this study confirmed the number and the proportion of female laborers according to construction progress i.e. the proportion of female laborers were 0% ~ 11% (average 6%) at 26 construction sites having 2% ~ 92 % construction progress. In order to solve these problems, gender education for the welfare facility planner is required and the current Standard of Estimate should be revised considering female laborers after collecting the site data for the number of female laborers according progress and the increase in the construction cost should be reflected in the contract amount accordingly. Conclusively temporary work planning related with welfare facilities should be established and conducted in terms of gender equality at construction sites. In addition, improving working environment on construction sites for female laborers will enhance the company's image and also helping solve the labor shortage problem by women laborers engaging in construction industry easily.

• IE interfaces
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.450-462
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• 2003

In this paper, we deal with a process and layout design for producing a planned amount of Sikhye in a given limited time period under a reasonable production schedule. We represent a Sikhye production line as a vector N, the element of which denotes the number of tanks required in each process and our objective is to find an appropriate vector which minimizes the total investment cost. We suggest a systematic method for finding an appropriate N and an appropriate layout to N. In detail, first, we decide the required sequence of processes and the required operations for each process and we estimate standard operating times. Second, constructing a precedence diagram, we find a critical path in order to reduce the total production lead time for a batch of Sikhye. Third, given a limited N space, we manage to construct manually each production schedule using both the processing times of the critical operations and transfer times. Finally, we find an optimal vector N which gives a minimum investment cost and meets both the time constraint and quantity constraint. In addition, with the estimated relative size of each tank, we suggest an appropriate conceptual layout design including an expansion area for future demands, based on the span technique used in the field of architectural design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.34S no.10
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• pp.98-103
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• 1997

Given the small bit allocation for motion information in very low bit-rate coding, motion estimation using the block matching algorithm(BMA) fails to maintain an acceptable level of prediction errors. The reson is that the motion model, or spatial transformation, assumed in block matching cannot approximate the motion in the real world precisely with a small number of parameters. In order to overcome the drawback of the conventional block matching algorithm, several triangle-based methods which utilize triangular patches insead of blocks have been proposed. To estimate the motions of image sequences, these methods usually have been based on the combination of optical flow equation, affine transform, and iteration. But the compuataional cost of these methods is expensive. This paper presents a fast motion estimation algorithm using a multiple linear regression model to solve the defects of the BMA and the triange-based methods. After describing the basic 2-D triangle-based method, the details of the proposed multiple linear regression model are presented along with the motion estimation results from one standard video sequence, representative of MPEG-4 class A data. The simulationresuls show that in the proposed method, the average PSNR is improved about 1.24 dB in comparison with the BMA method, and the computational cost is reduced about 25% in comparison with the 2-D triangle-based method.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.128-134
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• 2016

Estimating the repair and reinforcement (R&R) costs for each bridge member is essential for managing the life cycle of a bridge using a bridge management system (BMS). Representative members of a bridge were defined in this study, and detailed and representative R&R methods for each one were drawn in order to develop a systematic maintenance cost model that is applicable to the BMS. The unit cost for each detailed R&R method was established using the standard of estimate and historical cost data, and a systematic procedure is presented using an integration program to enable easy renewal of the R&R unit cost. Also, the average unit cost of the representative R&R methods was calculated in the form of a weighted average by considering the unit cost and application frequency of each detained R&R method. The appropriateness of the drawn average unit cost was reviewed by comparing and verifying it with the previous historical unit cost. The suggested average R&R unit cost can be used to review the validity of the required budget or the appropriateness of the R&R performance cost in the stage to establish the bridge maintenance plan. The results of this study are expected to improve the reliability of maintenance cost information and the rationality of decision making.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.83-105
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• 2010

The competence of enterprise for managing information is evaluated not by the amount of information but by the quality of information such as response time, data consistency, and data correctness. The degradation of data quality is usually caused by the inappropriate process of managing the structure and value of stored data. According to the recent survey on the actual condition of data quality management, the correctness and consistency of data appeared to be the most problematic area among the six criteria of data quality management such as correctness, consistency, availability, timeliness, accessibility, and security. Moreover, the problem was more serious in case of small and medium-sized companies than large enterprises. In this paper, therefore, we attempt to propose a new data quality control methodology for small and medium-sized companies that can improve the correctness and consistency of data without consuming too much time and cost. To adopt the proposed methodology to real application immediately, we provided some scripts for as-is analysis and devised automation tools for managing naming rules of vocabulary, terminology, and data code. Additionally, we performed case study on the distribution service of a small-sized company to estimate the applicability of our tool and methodology.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.121-129
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to set a standard for sale prices of supplying apartment houses about decision factors in sale price of supplying apartment houses using Analytic Hierarchy Process. This is done by modeling decision factors in sale price of supplying apartment houses as hierarchy. According to the modeled hierarchy, the relative importance of supplying factors are determined using a survey of a group of real estate experts. In addition, through Analytic Hierarchy Process, the relative importance of phased sale prices of supplying apartment is analyzed in order to set a standard to estimate competitive sale prices of newly supplying apartment houses.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2017

There are main issues of defect type that condensation, concrete crack and noise in apartment buildings. Especially, according to the Apartment Defect Dispute Mediation Committee in Korea (ADDMC) at Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport in Korea (MLIT), condensation defects are great importance (14 percent) on whole number of reported cases of faults from 2015 in Korea. Most condensation defects have many different causes that take a toll on the resident's life and space. So it is very important to early detection and repair. For preventing the condensation in apartment buildings, there are building codes in Korea such as 'Standard of Method and Judgment for Apartment defect of investigation, Repair cost Estimate'. This research aims to study on the improvement of preventing the condensation aforementioned korea standard. Types and characteristics (opaque wall, windows, doors) of cause of occurrence and existing state condensation defect is analyzed from evaluation of real application 100 case in 2015 ADDMC data.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.59-74
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• 2015

This study aims to estimate optimal harvesting production, fishing efforts, and stock levels of yellow croaker caught by the offshore Stow Net and the offshore Gill Net fisheries using the current value Hamiltonian method and the surplus production model. As analyzing processes, firstly, this study uses the Gavaris general linear model to estimate standardized fishing efforts of yellow croaker caught by the above multiple fisheries. Secondly, this study applies the Clarke Yoshimoto Pooley(CY&P) model among the various exponential growth models to estimate intrinsic growth rate(r), environmental carrying capacity(K), and catchability coefficient(q) of yellow croaker which inhabits in offshore area of Korea. Thirdly, the study determines optimal harvesting production, fishing efforts, and stock levels of yellow croaker using the current value Hamiltonian method which is including average landing price of yellow croaker, average unit cost of fishing efforts, and social discount rate based on standard of the Korean Development Institute. Finally, this study tries sensitivity analysis to understand changes in optimal harvesting production, fishing efforts, and stock levels of yellow croaker caused by changes in economic and biological parameters. As results drawn by the current value Hamiltonian model, the optimal harvesting production, fishing efforts, and stock levels of yellow croaker caught by the multiple fisheries were estimated as 19,173 ton, 101,644 horse power, and 146,144 ton respectively. In addition, as results of sensitivity analysis, firstly, if the social discount rate and the average landing price of yellow croaker continuously increase, the optimal harvesting production of yellow croaker increases at decreasing rate and then finally slightly decreases due to decreases in stock levels of yellow croaker. Secondly, if the average unit cost of fishing efforts continuously increases, the optimal fishing efforts of the multiple fisheries decreases, but the optimal stock level of yellow croaker increases. The optimal harvest starts climbing and then continuously decreases due to increases in the average unit cost. Thirdly, when the intrinsic growth rate of yellow croaker increases, the optimal harvest, fishing efforts, and stock level all continuously increase. In conclusion, this study suggests that the optimal harvesting production and fishing efforts were much less than actual harvesting production(35,279 ton) and estimated standardized fishing efforts(175,512 horse power) in 2013. This result implies that yellow croaker has been overfished due to excessive fishing efforts. Efficient management and conservative policy on stock of yellow croaker need to be urgently implemented.