• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.87-104
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• 2002

This study investigated developmental levels and explored play behaviors in 194 4- and 5-year-old children from low-income families attending 18 daycare centers in Seoul. The Developmental Test for Korean Kindergartners(Korea Institute Curriculum & Evaluation, 1996) was used to assess developmental levels in seven areas. Play behaviors were observed during free-play in their classrooms. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and $x^2$. Results were that the children from low-income families showed highest scores in motor skill development and the lowest scores in mathematical and scientific development. The children engaged most frequently in group-functional play, followed by onlooker behaviors, group-dramatic, and group-constructive play. Onlooker behaviors were the most frequent activity of the 4-year-olds, and the block corner was the most frequently used area during free-play.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.239-246
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• 2003

In the PCA Load Contour Method, the biaxial bending design coefficient of columns(${\beta}$) is based on the equivalent rectangular stress block (RSB). And coefficient of ${\beta}$ estimates the reinforcement index to be a influencing parameter on biaxial moment strength of RC columns without considering the arbitrary condition of bar arrangement. The experimental results of high strength concrete (HSC) columns subjected to combined axial load and biaxial bending moment were compared to the analysis results of RSB method. As result, the accuracy of RSB method is still acceptable for HSC columns and, as the reinforcement is placed densely in each corner of column section, the ${\beta}$ is decreased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1994.03a
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• pp.63-70
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• 1994

An upper bound elemental technique(UBET) is applied to predict forging load and die-cavity filling for non-axisymmetric ring forging. The finial product is divided into three different deformation regions. That is axisymmetric part in corner, lateral plane-strain part and shear deformation on boundaries between them. The plane-strain and axisymmetric part are combinded by building block method. Also the total energy is computered through combination of three deformation part. Experiments have been carried out with pure plasticine billets at room temperature. The theoretical predictions of the forging load and the flow pattern are in good agreement with the experimental results.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 2004.10b
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• pp.328-331
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• 2004

Shock wave boundary layer interactions can make flows around a vehicle be very high pressure and temperature due to pass shock waves in small areas of the hypersonic vehicle. These phenomena can affect a critical problem in the design of hypersonic vehicles. To research the effect of shock wave boundary layer interactions, comer flows were studied in this paper using numerical studies with the NSMB (Navier-Stokes Multi Block) solver and then comparing corresponding numerical results with experimental data of the Huston High Speed Flow Field Workshop II. The mach number of flows is 12.3 in comer flows. The comparison with the computational result is presented based on diverse numerical schemes. Good agreement is obtained.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2000

This paper investigated the sub-region compression effect of the three dimensional DCT(3D-DCT) using the difference component(DC) of inter-frame in images. The proposed algorithm are the method that obtain compression effect to divide the information into subband after 3D-DCT, the data appear the type of cubic block(8${\times}$8${\times}$8) in eight difference components per unit. In the frequence domain that transform the eight differential component frames into eight DCT frames with components of both spatial and temporal frequencies of inter-frame, the image data are divided into frame component(8${\times}$8 block) of time-axis direction into 4${\times}$4 sub block in order to effectively obtain compression data because image components are concentrate in corner region with low-frequency of cubic block. Here, using the weight of sub block, we progressed compression ratio as consider to adaptive sub-region of low frequency part. In simulation, we estimated compression ratio, reconstructed image resolution(PSNR) with the simpler image and the complex image contained the higher frequency component. In the result, we could obtain the high compression effect of 30.36dB(average value in the complex-image) and 34.75dB(average value in the simple-image) in compression range of 0.04~0.05bpp.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.24 no.8B
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• pp.1518-1531
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• 1999

The reconstructed images from highly compressed MPEG or H.263 data have noticeable image degradations, such as blocking artifacts near the block boundaries, corner outliers at cross points of blocks, and ringing noise near image edges, because the MPEG or H.263 quantizes the transformed coefficients of 8$\times$8 pixel blocks. A post-processing algorithm has been proposed by authors to reduce quantization effects, such as blocking artifacts, corner outliers, and ringing noise, in MPEG-decompressed images. Our signal-adaptive post-processing algorithm reduces the quantization effects adaptively by using both spatial frequency and temporal information extracted from the compressed data. The blocking artifacts are reduced by one-dimensional (1-D) horizontal and vertical low pass filtering (LPF), and the ringing noise is reduced by two-dimensional (2-D) signal-adaptive filtering (SAF). A comparison study of the subjective quality evaluation using modified single stimulus method (MSSM), the objective quality evaluation (PSNR) and the computation complexity analysis between the signal-adaptive post-processing algorithm and the MPEG-4 VM (Verification Model) post-processing algorithm is performed by computer simulation with several MPEG-4 image sequences. According to the comparison study, the subjective image qualities of both algorithms are similar, whereas the PSNR and the comparison complexity analysis of the signal-adaptive post-processing algorithm shows better performance than the VM post-processing algorithm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.96-108
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• 1996

This study aimed at choosing the urban community parks such as D Kjin, Chungang, Dosan Park as the target place for this study, and at analyzing the damage level of the pavement surfaces focusing on the spaces and the materials. We devided the damage level within $1.5\times$1.5m grid int the grade from one to five points, and made use of the method of giving marks to get hold of the damage level of the pavement surfaces. Especially we took and analyze Duncan test for the spaces suffering severe damage. The result is as follows : 1. The damage of unenenness turned out to be a most excessive damage in the damage level according to the pavement materials in case of D kjin, and Chunggnag Park. Especially the concrete blocks proved to be the exessive damage in comparison with the other pavement materials, and the demolitional damage of the damage types to the most severe damage. The corner damage turned relatively out to be a heavy damage in case of Dosan Park in Seoul. 2. In the event of the damage level of pavement surfaces according to the spaces, the space which was made the more use of and which was the more concentrated, turned out to be the degree of the more excessive damage. 3. We took the Duncan test to verify the deference of the damage type between the spaces and the pavement materials of the target places for survey. The result of verification was that there was no difference of the damage type between the corner and block damage itself in case of the enterance area and the square of D kjin Park in Ch nju, and that the damage level of the pavement materials proved to be the more execssive damage than that of the spaces. The corner damage of Chungang Park in Hj ngju, showed the same result as D kjin Park in Ch nju and the uneveness didn't have any difference of damage type in all spaces. In case of Dosan in Seoul, the damage of crevice, demolition, and pumping didn't have any difference of damage type and the damage of the cross area was the most high. In conclusion, we proposed that we should get hold of whether the cause of pavement damage is caused by the defect of materials of by the construction problem including the foundation, or the unsuitableness of the method for using the pavement materials, and also that we should take a sensus of the user type and should decide a suitable design load and the necessary thickness of the pavement materials. In this study, not only we aimed at the external damage of the materials, but we tried to propose rather reasonable and developed construction method by studying the material experiment, the foundation state, and the type of using the spaces and materials, and by examining into the fundamental damaged cause.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.202-210
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• 2009

This research was undertaken to prove the relationship between street mall activation and architectural plan design. The research methodology was established based on the analysis of data of two existing street malls in Korea (Western Dome & LaFesta) and theoretical studies of outdoor space design. The findings from this study are the following: First, building blocks with segments in every 50m or so are ideal for detailed communication between visitors and building contents. Second, the ratio of width of main corridor and building height should be less than 1 to provide intimate feel and keep visitors' attention concentrated in the facility. Third, store unit should have more storefronts to be exposed more to passers-by and lead more pedestrian traffic. Fourth, shape of store unit would rather be wide and shallow, instead of narrow and deep, to have more exposure to the central corridor. Fifth, the building block of the busiest(most expensive) area that is usually at the main entrance area of street mall should be flexible to fit more smaller units to maximize the profitability. Sixth, the main entrance of store should face the main pedestrian corridor to induce the influx of visitors. Lastly seventh, anchor tenant that has strong name recognition is usually located on basement or higher level to induce pedestrian traffic into the mall, key tenants that are strong and familiar brand names should be located at the corner of building block with spacing to attract visitors, provide even distribution of traffic, and support wayfinding, and local tenant should be located at small units along the central corridor or remainder spaces occurred from building core layout.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 2018

This study is to develop a GSTM (Green infrastructure Surface Temperature Measurment) equipment for reducing the surface temperature of GI by using LID Method. The tests were conducted including GI products such as Greening block, Pervious Block, Soil Block and so on. The GSTM equipment developed by considering the literature surveys are characterized as follows. The non-contact infrared temperature sensor was used to measure the surface temperature, and it was improved to measure the overall average temperature including the center and the corner temperature of the specimen. The developed GSTM equipment was used to compare performance of asphalt and GI products. As a result, the Greening Block show a high difference of $18.4^{\circ}C$ and it contributes to the decrease of surface temperature.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.993-999
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• 2004

The estimation of fatigue life at the design stage of membrane type LNG tank is very important in order to arrive at feasible and cost effective solutions considering the total lifetime of the tank. In this study, the practical procedure of fatigue life prediction by use of cumulative damage factors based on Miner-Palmgren hypothesis and probability density function has been shown with the corner region of Gaz Transport Membrane type LNG tank being used as an example. In particular the parameters of Weibull distribution that determine the stress spectrum are discussed. The main results obtained from this study are as follows: 1. The recommended value for the shape parameter of Weibull distribution for the LNG tank is 1.1 in case of using the direct calculation method proposed in this study. 2. The calculated fatigue life is influenced by the shape parameter of Weibull distribution and stress block. The safe fatigue design can be achieved by using higher value of shape parameter and the stress blocks divided into more stress blocks.