• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.1231-1236
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• 2008

The flow and heat transfer performance were measured at high temperatures in CFB heat exchanger with multiple risers and downcomers. The theoretical model for predicting heat exchanger performance was developed in this study. The model predictions were compared with the measured heat transfer rates to show relatively good agreement. The maximum gas cooling rate was $20,300^{\circ}C/sec$, and the dioxin reduction rate was 68%.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.19
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• pp.257-258
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• 2006

ZnO thin films were prepared by RF magnetron sputter deposition on p-Si(100) wafer with various cooling rates of substrate temperature such as the substrates were pre-heated to $400^{\circ}C$ before the deposition and then cooled down naturally or slowly to $300^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, and R.T., by the temperature controller during the deposition. The crystall me and micro-structural characteristics of the films were investigated by XRD and SEM ZnO films which cooled down naturally or slowly by temperature controller during deposition, especially the film were deposited with cooling down from $400^{\circ}C$ to $200^{\circ}C$ slowly, showed the most outstanding c-axis preferred orientation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2008

Through mechanical alloying, hot isostatic pressing and hot rolling, a 9%Cr Fe-based oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy sample was fabricated. The tensile strength of the alloy is significantly improved when the microstructure is modified during the post-consolidation process. The alloy samples were strengthened as the cooling rates increased, though the elongation was somewhat reduced. With a cooling rate of $800^{\circ}C/s$ after normalization at $1150^{\circ}C$, the alloy sample showed a tensile strength of 1450 MPa, which is about twice that of the hot rolled sample; however, at $600^{\circ}C$ the tensile strength dramatically decreased to 620 MPa. Optical microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to investigate the microstructural changes of the specimens. The resultant strengthening of the alloy sample could be mainly attributed to the interstitially dissolved nitrogen, the fraction of the tempered martensite, the fine grain and the presence of a smaller precipitate. The decrease in the tensile strength was mainly caused by the precipitation of vanadium-rich nitride.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.398-406
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• 2002

VAR process is required to control its various operating parameters. Heat transfer simulation has been accomplished to understand development of solidification micro and macro-structures during VAR process in Ti alloys. Optimum VAR process parameters could be also estimated in this study. It was found that macro-structures were closely related to the shape and depth of liquid pool, and solidification parameters, such as temperature gradient, heat flux, solid fraction. The cooling rates were higher at bottom, top, and center part respectively. As cooling rates increased, the $\alpha$ phase decreased in length, width and fraction. In order to evaluate which parameter affects the result of heat transfer calculation most sensitively, the sensitivities of input parameters to the simulation result were examined. The pool depth and cooling rate showed more sensitive to the temperature of the molten metal, heat transfer coefficient, and liquidus respectively. Also, these thermal properties became more sensitive at higher temperatures.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

This work presents the effect of the cooling rate on the precipitation of super duplex stainless steel. Specimens of super duplex stainless steel with a specific composition were cooled at various cooling rates after being melted at $1550^{\circ}C$ in a directional solidification furnace. Ferrite (${\delta}$), Austenite (${\gamma}$), Sigma (${\sigma}$), and Chi (${\chi}$) phases were precipitated when the cooling rate was lower than 0.22 K/s. When the cooling rate was 0.22 K/s or faster, ${\sigma}$ and ${\chi}$ phases were not precipitated.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.99-108
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• 1997

Analytical model for the temperature distribution and the cooling rate of weld in dual beam laser welding is presented for investigating the possibility of controling the cooling rate. The model is based on the solutions to the problem of heat flow due to the distributed and line heat sources for preheating and welding respectively in plates with finite thickness. The effects of beam power, beam distribution parameter, interbeam distance, and welding speed on the resulting temperature distribution and cooling rate are presented. The cooling rates of dual beam laser weld at the weld centerline under the investigated conditions are reduced to as one third of those of welds which were produced by single beam laser. And it appeared that the cooling rate of dual beam laser weld is strongly dependent on the process parameters of preheating laser beam power and welding speed.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.122-125
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• 2001

The objective of this research is to develop hybridized yarns for thermoplastic composites, and to examine tile effect of cooling rate on mechanical properties of the composites. The co-braided yarn utilizing carbon fibers as reinforcements and Nylon 66 fibers as matrix materials has been fabricated. Thermoplastic composites have been manufactured by the hot-press forming process. For the processing conditions, cooling rates of $-2.5^{\circ}C$/min and $-60^{\circ}C$/min have been considered. Three-point bending test and losipescu shear test were performed to investigate the effect of the cooling rate and the surface treatment of carbon fibers. SEM photographs were used to investigate the fracture surfaces of the tested samples. The cooling rate of $-60^{\circ}C$/min resulted in the higher strength and elastic modulus for bending and shear tests. The composites of the epoxy-sized carbon fibers showed the lowest strength due to the degradation of the sizing material during the thermoforming process.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.88-94
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• 1998

The thermal performance of cooling towers is affected mainly by the velocity, temperature and humidity of the entering air, In this paper, the effects of these variables are experimentally investigated for both counter-flow and cross-flow cooling towers. The cooling performance is reduced by up to 50% as the relative humidity of the entering air is increased from 40% to 80%. The higher air velocity and lower coolant flow show better cooling performance. The coolant loss rates in the present experimental conditions are in the range of 0.4 to 1.7%

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2009년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.623-628
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• 2009

Desiccant based air conditioning system offers a promising alternative to conventional one using vapour compression refrigeration for energy saving and greenhouse gas reduction. It is a heat driven cycle which has high potential for the use of low grade heat source such as the waste heat from the cogeneration plant or the solar thermal energy. In this study, the cooling performance of a desiccant cooling system incorporating a regenerative evaporative cooler was characterized in various operation conditions through numerical simulation. The cooling capacity and COP were evaluated at various outdoor conditions, regeneration temperatures, and supply flow rates. Based on the performance characteristics, the optimal control scheme was discussed to minimize the cooling cost at part load condition.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.49-62
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• 1990

The forced cooling system has been widely applied to passing more electric current in the underground power transmission cable technology. In this paper, the optimum cooling span of the in-trough-indirect water cooling method within an electric tunnel was investigated. A parametric study was performed for the cable currents, the coolant flow rates, and the coolant inlet temperatures. As a result, the temperature of the inlet air has been found as the most important parameter in determination of the optimum cooling span.