• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2017

The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of extruded linseed supplementation on methane production in Holstein steers. Four Holstein steers fitted with permanent cannulas were assigned to two dietary treatments in a duplicated $2{\times}2$ Latin square design: a control diet consisting of tall fescue straw (65%) and concentrate (35%), and a treatment diet supplemented with 3.8% extruded linseed by replacing a part of ingredients in the concentrate of the control diet. The concentrates of the control and the treatment diet were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Extruded linseed supplementation did not affect dry matter intake but significantly (P<0.05) increased the intake of lipid. Rumen pH was significantly (P<0.05) lower for control than for treatment. Although there was no significant difference between treatments, the concentration of total VFA in control was 21% higher than in treatment. The concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were not different between treatments. Extruded linseed supplementation significantly (P<0.05) reduced methane output(g/d) and emission factor. Methane conversion rate was lower for treatment than for control but no significant difference was found. The results of the present study showed that extruded linseed supplementation in the diet of Holstein steers could reduce methane output.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.308-318
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• 2013

Korean soybean varieties, 'Seonyu' and 'Hwangkeum' were planted in 2012, and three temperature gradient, Tc($19.8^{\circ}C$, ambient temperatured), $Tc+1.7^{\circ}C$, and $Tc+2.5^{\circ}C$, were artificially created by controlling the green house system during seed filling period. Mature seeds that developed under these conditions were analyzed for variances in physicochemical properties. The 100-seed weight and seed-coat ratio of soybean were decreased, but small seed rate was increased by high temperature during seed filling period. Protein content was increased, but oil content was decreased significantly with increasing the seed filling temperature. The decrement of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), and the increment of monosaccharide, fructose and sucrose, in seeds explained that carbohydrate assimilation during seed filling was restricted by high temperature. Rapid increments of seed volume and weight were observed in the seeds of high seed filling temperature, but as soaking time increased the highest values were observed in the seeds of ambient seed filling temperature. The 100-seed weight and seed-coat ratio of soybean were closely related not only to the increment of soaking volume and weight, but also the increments of total dissolved solids (TDS) and electro conductivity (EC). Whereas protein content and C/N ratio showed less relationship with the soaking properties, but they had a positive correlation with TDS and EC. From the results, it was considered that high values of TDS and EC in the seeds of high temperature were mainly due to the incomplete conversion of assimilates into storage compounds. However, sugar content showed less influence on the soaking properties and the values of TDS and EC.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2011

Methane production during anaerobic fermentation in the rumen represents an energy loss to the host animal and induces emissions of greenhouse gases in the environment. Our study focused on comparison in methane production from growing Korean native steers fed different grain sources. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = $180.6{\pm}3.1$ kg) were fed, on a DM basis (TDN 2.80 kg), 40% timothy and 60% barley concentrate (Barley) or corn concentrate (Corn), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring times. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production per day. Different grain sources did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. The mean methane concentrations per day were 202.0 and 177.1 ppm for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission averaged 86.8 and 77.7 g/day for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the growing steers fed barley based concentrate was higher than the steers fed corn based concentrate (Barley vs. Corn, 31.7 kg $CH_4\;head^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ vs. 28.4 kg $CH_4\;head^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$). Thus, methane conversion rate was 0.065 (6.5%) and 0.055 (5.5%) for Barley and Corn, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 2013

This study was conducted to elucidate the characteristics of equine meat traits and to evaluate the utilization of dried-citrus pulp abundantly produced in Jeju Island as feed ingredient in the diet of finished meat horses. Treatment groups consisted of wheat bran (A) and the dried-pellet mixture of citrus pulp (20%) and wheat bran (80%) (B). Feeding of agricultural by-products were 2 times in a day at the level of 1.5% of body weights. Water and dried-grass forage was not restricted. The average daily gain was similar in both groups. Feed conversion of treatment B showed lower level than that of A. Carcass rate of B was relatively lower than that of A, but meat yield grade of B was higher than that of A. For meat color traits, $L^*$ of B was lighter than that of A, and $b^*$ of group B was lower than that of group A. From the analysis of physical characteristics of equine meats, shearing force had decreased in the treatment B but the levels of drip loss and water holding cavity had increased in the treatment B compared to A. The level of crude fat is lower in the treatment B than the treatment A. For the mineral contents, the treatment B showed higher levels of Ca, K, Mg, Cu and Mn than that of A. For the fatty acid contents, the treatment B showed increased levels of stearic acid, oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, and arachidonic acid compared to A. Consequently, these results suggested that dried-citrus pulp might be utilized as replacement material for equine forage. Please rewrite the whole abstract and should include all required information. Before resubmission, please check it again from a native colleague in your group.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2015

Frequent pattern mining, which is one of the major areas actively studied in data mining, is a method for extracting useful pattern information hidden from large data sets or databases. Moreover, frequent pattern mining approaches have been actively employed in a variety of application fields because the results obtained from them can allow us to analyze various, important characteristics within databases more easily and automatically. However, traditional frequent pattern mining methods, which simply extract all of the possible frequent patterns such that each of their support values is not smaller than a user-given minimum support threshold, have the following problems. First, traditional approaches have to generate a numerous number of patterns according to the features of a given database and the degree of threshold settings, and the number can also increase in geometrical progression. In addition, such works also cause waste of runtime and memory resources. Furthermore, the pattern results excessively generated from the methods also lead to troubles of pattern analysis for the mining results. In order to solve such issues of previous traditional frequent pattern mining approaches, the concept of representative pattern mining and its various related works have been proposed. In contrast to the traditional ones that find all the possible frequent patterns from databases, representative pattern mining approaches selectively extract a smaller number of patterns that represent general frequent patterns. In this paper, we describe details and characteristics of pattern condensing techniques that consider the maximality or closure property of generated frequent patterns, and conduct comparison and analysis for the techniques. Given a frequent pattern, satisfying the maximality for the pattern signifies that all of the possible super sets of the pattern must have smaller support values than a user-specific minimum support threshold; meanwhile, satisfying the closure property for the pattern means that there is no superset of which the support is equal to that of the pattern with respect to all the possible super sets. By mining maximal frequent patterns or closed frequent ones, we can achieve effective pattern compression and also perform mining operations with much smaller time and space resources. In addition, compressed patterns can be converted into the original frequent pattern forms again if necessary; especially, the closed frequent pattern notation has the ability to convert representative patterns into the original ones again without any information loss. That is, we can obtain a complete set of original frequent patterns from closed frequent ones. Although the maximal frequent pattern notation does not guarantee a complete recovery rate in the process of pattern conversion, it has an advantage that can extract a smaller number of representative patterns more quickly compared to the closed frequent pattern notation. In this paper, we show the performance results and characteristics of the aforementioned techniques in terms of pattern generation, runtime, and memory usage by conducting performance evaluation with respect to various real data sets collected from the real world. For more exact comparison, we also employ the algorithms implementing these techniques on the same platform and Implementation level.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.167-175
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• 2012

This study was undertaken to assess dietary CP and ME concentrations for optimum growth performance and carcass characteristics of Korean Native male ducks. In a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement, 1-d-old Korean Native male ducks were completely randomized design to experimental diets with 3,000, 2,900, and 2,800 kcal of ME/kg of diet; each contained 23, 22, and 21% CP, respectively, from 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, experimental diets had 3,100, 3,000, and 2,900 kcal of ME/kg of diet, and each contained 19, 18, and 17% CP, respectively. Each dietary treatment was replicated 4 times, and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight, feed intake and uniformity were measured at 3 wk and 8 wk, and carcass characteristics were evaluated at 8 wk. As CP increased from 21 to 23 %, the body weight, BW gain and feed conversion ratios (FCR) linearly improved (P<0.01) during 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, the body weight, feed intake, BW gain, FCR and uniformity were not different (P>0.05). Carcass ratios of birds fed 3,000 kcal of ME/kg diets from 3 to 8 wk of age were quadratically increased significantly (P<0.01). As ME and CP increased, respectively, relative weight of liver weight per 100 g of BW was linearly decreased (P<0.01). Relative weights of left breast, thigh and drumstick weight per 100 of BW were not different (P>0.05). Also, breast meat color, pH, cooking loss and shear force were not different (P>0.05). Thus, diets with 2,800 kcal of ME/kg and 23% CP or with 2,900 kcal of ME/kg and 17% CP at 0 to 3 wk and 4 to 8 wk, respectively, were used more efficiently. However, diets with 3,000 kcal of ME/kg at 4 to 8 wk in carcass rate was quadratically increased.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2007

A layer feeding trial was conducted for 10 weeks to investigate the effects of the addition of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to layer diets on the laying performance, egg qualities, and yolk fatty acid composition. Nine hundred Hyline Brown layers, 24 weeks of age,were randomly allotted to 20 replicate laying cages, 45 birds per replicate. There were four diet treatments (0, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS), and five replicates per treatment. All experimental diets were prepared to contain iso-protein (17%) and iso-calorie (TMEn 2,780 kcal/kg). The use of DDGS up to 20% level in layer diets did not exert any influence on feed intake, laying rate, total egg mass, mean egg weight, and feed conversion ratio. DDGS did not exert any influence in weight of egg, breaking strength, and color of eggshell. The albumen height and Haugh unit was not influenced by DDGS addition. The yolk color was significantly increased by DDGS supplementation. As the DDGS level increased, the oleic acid content decreased, and the linoleic acid increased (P<0.05). The degree of saturation of yolk fatty acids was not affected by dietary DDGS. The inclusion of DDGS up to 20% in layer diets resulted in the decrease of feed cost per kg without any effect in the laying performance. In conclusion, the use of DDGS up to 20% level in layer diets could replace corn and soybean meal without any harmful effect on the laying performances.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 1983

An experiment on the rearing of tilapia stocked in closed recirculating tanks eliminating biological filter beds was carried out at the Fish Culture Experiment Station of the National Fisheries University of Pusan, from May 18 through October 21, 1982, and the growth rates, feed conversion, water quality, spawning prevention and space utilization efficiency were discussed. Finally discussed is the feasibility on the establishment of commercial production units. On the water quality, the water temperature ranged from $22.8^{\circ}C\;to\;29.1^{\circ}C$, and total ammonia arround 10 ppm or slightly up. Maintaining phytoplankton bloom was not successful probably because of the active consumption by the heavily stocked tilapia. Several attempts were made by changing the culture water with green water from a nearby earthen pond with results of fading-away in a couple of days. Feed conversions were relatively high ranging from 0.9 to 1.2 except for experiment 1 when the fish were not fully recovered from weakened wintering state. The feed used was partly laboratory prepared $25\%$ protein diet and mostly commercially available $39\%$ protein carp feed. Spawning was completely controlled during the experiment, resulting from density effect, which ranged from 10kg to 40.7kg per square meter with water depth of 0.5 to 0.6m. Space utilization efficiency was very high. Daily net production from the experiment division 3, which showed the highest result, was 6.206 kg per tank, which is calculated 3,235 metric tons per hectare per year, This time, water temperature ranged from 27.8 to $29.1^{circ}C$, average being $28.4^{circ}C$, and total ammonia arround 10 ppm. An estimation for the commercial set-up of the production system based on the results of experiment divisions which had initial stocking rate $15\;kg/m^2$ or up, is made. If the total facility, 8 tanks comprising $56\;m^2$ in surface area, is used for the present study, the yield would become 5,639 kg from 200 day rearing, which would be possible under double sheets vinyl house without additional heating, and it is thought feasible in the economic view point, when 10 or more units are operated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.573-580
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• 2005

Cholesterol $7\alpha-hydroxylase$ (CYP7A1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and plays a central role in regulating cholesterol homeostasis. We previously showed that a fermentable $\beta-glucan$ ingestion decreased plasma cholesterol levels due to fecal bile acid excretion elevation involved inincrease of cholesterol $7\alpha-hydroxylase$ mRNA expression and activity. It is proposed that short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by cecal and colonic fermentation of soluble fiber are associated with cholesterol-lowering effect of fiber. In the present study, we investigated whether CYP7A1 expression is up-regulated by short chain fatty acids or by hormones in cultured human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Confluent HepG2 cell were incubated with acetate, propionate, or butyrate at 1 mM concentration for 24 hrs. Acetate as well as propionate increased to 1.8-fold expression of CYP7A1 mRNA than the control. Butyrate also increased 1.5-fold expression of CYP7A1 mRNA. Our data show for the first time that SCFA increase expression of CYP7A1 mRNA. Adding insulin, dexamethasone and triiodothyronine $(1\;{\mu}M)$ to HepG2 cell increased the expression of CYP7A1 mRNA to $150\%,\;173\%,\;141\%$, respectively. These results suggest that SCFA produced by cecal fermentation stimulate enteric nervous system, in which secreted some neuropeptides may be responsible for change in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. These findings suggest that SCFA are involved in lowering plasma cholesterol levels due to the up-regulation of CYP7A1 and bile acid synthesis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2007

Background: Although there is an increasing incidence of Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease in Korea, the optimal therapeutic regimen has not yet been established and there are no reports of the long-term treatment outcomes. This study examined the long-term treatment outcomes of M. abscessus pulmonary disease. Methods: Twenty-nine patients diagnosed with M. abscessus pulmonary according to the American Thoracic Society criteria and treated from January 1996 to December 2003 were enrolled in ghis study. The clinical characteristics, radiological findings, treatment outcome, and follow up data were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The mean age of the 29 patients was 56.1 (${\pm}13.6$) years and there was a female (22/29) dominance. The chest radiography revealed the nodular bronchiectatic type to be dominant (69%, 20/29). Twenty-seven (93.1%) were prescribed clarithromycin-containing regimens, and injectable drugs, mainly aminoglycosides, were included in the regimen of nineteen patients. The most predominant regimen (48.3%) consisted of clarithromycin and amikacin. The treatment success, failure, and default were achieved in 19(65.5%), 9(31.0%), and 1(3.4%), respectively. The median duration to culture conversion was 42 days (range 15-362) and the median duration of treatment in the success group was 543 days (range 176-1,160). An adjunctive surgical resection was performed in five patients, which resulted in treatment success in two patients. After the completion of treatment, nineteen patients were followed up for a median duration of 931 days (range 230-2,294). Only one (5.3%) patient relapsed 45 days after completing treatment. Conclusion: Treatment with clarithromycin-containing regimens resulted in a successful treatment in approximately two thirds of patients with M. abscessus pulmonary disease. The long-term relapse rate was also quite low.