• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.496-499
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• 1998

For the production of theobromine from caffeine, 5 strains of bacteria capable of producing theobromine were isolated from soil. Among them, the strain CT-017 showed the best ability of producing theobromine, and was partially identified as a Pseudomonas sp. For the production of theobromine, fructose was the most effective carbon source at an optimum concentration of 5 g/l. The most effective nitrogen source was 5 g/l of beef extracts. And 0.02 g/l of $Fe^{2+}$, 1.0 g/l of threonine were effective for the production of theobromine. The optimum temperature and initial pH were $28^{\circ}C$ and 6.5, respectively. After 23 hr cultivation, 7.98 g/l of theobromine was produced from 15 g/l of caffeine which corresponds to a conversion yield of 53.2%.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.674-680
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• 2008

An SDR (Software Defined Radio) system based on general purpose computing platform has benefits of ease of software development process, high degree of software compatibility, and cost-effectiveness of general purpose processors. This paper discusses design and implementation of a dual-mode SDR system that supports both cordless phone and walkie-talky system running on Linux-based general purpose computing platform. For this purpose, we designed modulation and demodulation software on open source-based GNU radio middleware. We also designed a customized RF front-end hardware which performs frequency conversion between RF and IF. The proposed SDR system successfully exhibited its ability to operate both cordless phone and walkie-talky communication on Intel processor-based general purpose computing platform. But experience with the prototype SDR system shows that further research is required for run-time software reconfiguration and efficient integration with conventional TCP/IP protocol stacks.

• Biomedical Engineering Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2018

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an alternative metal fabrication technology. The outstanding advantage of AM (3D-printing, direct manufacturing), is the ability to form shapes that cannot be formed with any other traditional technology. 3D-printing began as a new method of prototyping in plastics. Nowadays, AM in metals allows to realize not only net-shape geometry, but also high fatigue strength and corrosion resistant parts. This success of AM in metals enables new applications of the technology in important fields, such as production of medical implants. The 3D-printing of medical implants is an extremely rapidly developing application. The success of this development lies in the fact that patient-specific implants can promote patient recovery, as often it is the only alternative to amputation. The production of AM implants provides a relatively fast and effective solution for complex surgical cases. However, there are still numerous challenging open issues in medical 3D-printing. The goal of the current research review is to explain the whole technological and design chain of bio-medical bone implant production from the computed tomography that is performed by the surgeon, to conversion to a computer aided drawing file, to production of implants, including the necessary post-processing procedures and certification. The current work presents examples that were produced by joint work of Polygon Medical Engineering, Russia and by TechMed, the AM Center of Israel Institute of Metals. Polygon provided 3D-planning and 3D-modelling specifically for the implants production. TechMed were in charge of the optimization of models and they manufactured the implants by Electron-Beam Melting ($EBM^{(R)}$), using an Arcam $EBM^{(R)}$ A2X machine.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.477-479
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• 2018

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, ivory colored, and motile, Lactobacillus koreensis 26-25 was isolated from Korean kimchi. Strain 26-25 showed the ability of conversion from major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides for which whole genome was sequenced. The whole genome sequence of Lactobacillus koreensis 26-25 consisted of one circular chromosome comprised of 3,006,812 bp, with a DNA G + C content of 49.23%. The whole genome analysis of strain 26-25 showed many glycosides hydrolase genes, which may contribute to identify the genes responsible for transformation of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides for its high pharmacological effects.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.465-467
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• 2018

An orange-colored, rod-shaped strain, designated Niabella ginsenosidivorans $BS26^T$, was isolated from compost. Strain $BS26^T$ showed the ability to convert major ginsenosides to minor ginsenosides, and its whole genome was sequenced. The whole genome of N. ginsenosidivorans $BS26^T$ consists of a single circular chromosome of 5,627,734 bp with 44.48% G + C content. Based on the complete genome sequence of strain $BS26^T$, we found several glycosides hydrolase-encoding genes that might involve in the conversion of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenoside and deliberate its strong pharmacological effects.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.840-853
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• 2020

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of a multi-protease on production indicators of broiler chickens fed a crude protein and amino acid deficient-diets for 35 days immediately after hatch. A total of 448 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allocated in a completely randomized design into one of eight dietary treatments (positive control [PC], negative control [NC: minus 0.5% from PC, and minus 2% of lysine, methionine, threonine and methionine plus cysteine], extreme negative control [ENC: minus 1% from PC, minus 4% of lysine, methionine, threonine and methionine plus cysteine], and plus multi-protease 150 or 300 g per ton [e. g., PC-150]; PC, PC-150, NC, NC-150, NC-300, ENC, ENC-150, ENC-300) to give eight replicates with seven birds in a battery cage. Body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality were measured every week. Carcass traits, proximate analysis of breast meat, and ileum digestibility were analyzed on day 21 and 35. Feeding a multi-protease (i.e., more than 150 g/ton) for 35 days immediately after hatching improved feed efficiency and ileum digestibility (i.e., dry matter, crude protein, and energy) compared to their counterparts (i.e., diets without multi-protease: PC, NC, and ENC). In conclusion, our results indicated that broiler chickens fed nutrients deficient-diet (i.e., crude protein and amino acids) supplemented a multi-protease had an ability to compensate and (or) improve their growth performance commensurate with increased ileal digestibility for 35 days immediately after hatch.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1533-1544
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• 2021

n-Caproic acid (CA) is gaining increased attention due to its high value as a chemical feedstock. Ruminococcaceae bacterium strain CPB6 is an anaerobic mesophilic bacterium that is highly prolific in its ability to perform chain elongation of lactate to CA. However, little is known about the genome-wide transcriptional analysis of strain CPB6 for CA production triggered by the supplementation of exogenous lactate. In this study, cultivation of strain CPB6 was carried out in the absence and presence of lactate. Transcriptional profiles were analyzed using RNA-seq, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the lactate-supplemented cells and control cells without lactate were analyzed. The results showed that lactate supplementation led to earlier CA p,roduction, and higher final CA titer and productivity. 295 genes were substrate and/or growth dependent, and these genes cover crucial functional categories. Specifically, 5 genes responsible for the reverse β-oxidation pathway, 11 genes encoding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, 6 genes encoding substrate-binding protein (SBP), and 4 genes encoding phosphotransferase system (PTS) transporters were strikingly upregulated in response to the addition of lactate. These genes would be candidates for future studies aiming at understanding the regulatory mechanism of lactate conversion into CA, as well as for the improvement of CA production in strain CPB6. The findings presented herein reveal unique insights into the biomolecular effect of lactate on CA production at the transcriptional level.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 2023

To create an environmentally sustainable fuel with a low sulfur concentration, requires alternative sulfur removal methods. During the course of this study, a high surface gamma alumina-supported ZnO nanocatalyst with a ZnO/-Al₂O₃ ratio of 12% was developed and tested for its ability to improve the activity of the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process for the desulfurization of kerosene fuel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were used to characterize the produced nanocatalyst. In a digital batch baffled reactor (20~80 min), the effectiveness of the synthesized nanocatalyst was tested at different initial concentrations of dibenzothiophene (DBT) of 300~600 ppm, oxidation temperatures (25~70 ℃), and oxidation periods (0.5, 1, and 2 hours). The baffles included in the digital baffled batch reactor resist the swirling of the reaction mixture, thus facilitating mixing. The ODS procedure yielded the maximum DBT conversion (95.5%) at 70 ℃ with an 80-minute reaction time and an initial DBT level of 600 ppm. The most precise values of kinetic variables were subsequently determined using a mathematical modelling procedure for the ODS procedure. The average absolute error of the simulation findings was less than 5%, demonstrating a good degree of agreement with the experimental results acquired from all runs. The optimization of the operating conditions revealed that 99.1% of the DBT can be removed in 140 minutes.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.1-18
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• 2017

This study focuses on the recent case held as to control in franchising. On the basis of analysis of the recent case, it examines the validity of the decision and suggests practical advice. The extensive judicial precedent has held that the franchisor and the franchisee possess the independent contractor relationship. But Williams v. Jani-king of Philadelphia Inc. suggest the conversion of the franchisee's status to an employees instead of an independent contractor. Franchisees allege that they were wrongly classified as independent contractors instead of employees because Jani-King had the ability to control the manner in which franchisees perform their day-to-day tasks. The appeal court held that Pennsylvania law does not distinguish between controls put in place to protect a franchise's intellectual property and controls for other purposes, and a franchisee may be an employee or an independent contractor depending on the nature of the franchise system controls. However, some degree of controls by the franchisor over the franchisee is inherent in the franchise and may even be mandated by the federal and state laws. Moreover, the appeal court affirmed that the franchise agreement, policies manual, and training manual alone could be sufficient to resolve the employment status. But it seems appropriate that the right to control on the documents is considered with the actual control.

• Journal of Korean geriatric psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2012

The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still obscure even to specialists. To improve the diagnostic accuracy, to find at-risk people as early as possible, to predict the efficacy or adverse reactions of pharmacotherapy on an individual basis, to attain more reliable results of clinical trials by recruiting better defined participants, to prove the disease-modifying ability of new candidate drugs, to establish prognosis-based therapeutic plans, and to do more, is now increasing the need for biomarkers for AD. Among AD-related biochemical markers, cerebrospinal beta-amyloid and tau have been paid the most attention since they are materials directly interfacing the brain interstitium and can be obtained through the lumbar puncture. Level of beta-amyloid is reduced whereas tau is increased in cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients relative to cognitively normal elderly people. Remarkably, such information has been found to help predict AD conversion of mild cognitive impairment. Despite inconsistent findings from previous studies, plasma beta-amyloid is thought to be increased before the disease onset, but show decreasing change as the disease progress. Regarding other peripheral biochemical markers, omics tools are being widely used not only to find useful biomarkers but also to generate novel hypotheses for AD pathogenesis and to lead new personalized future medicine.