• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.685-691
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• 1998

In the first of two experiments, chemical composition (Ash, CP and CF contents), nutritive value (in vitro organic matter disappearance "lVOMD" and energy content "ME") and nitrogen retention of chopped date fronds (CDF) as affected by chemical treatment (CT) and storage duration (SD) were investigated. The experimental design was a completely randomized block, arranged in a $3{\times}4$ factorial, with 3 (CT) and 4 (SD) as the main factors using 2 replications / treatment. Three chemical treatments, were used : Control (With zero or no chemical treatment); treatment with 4% urea solution (w /w) and treatment with 4% urea + Date syrup extract (DS). The 4 (SD) were: Control (immediately after opening - without any storage or zero time storage); one month storage period; two months storage period and three months storage period. Both (CT) and (SD) had significant effects (p < 0.05) on CP and ash contents of the CDF, however there were no significant effects (p > 0.05) due to (CT) and (SD) on CF and nutritive value. High retention value (> 80%) for nitrogen was reported for the treated CDF, immediately after opening the incubated material (zero SD). However, nitrogen retention decreased with increasing (SD) to 67% after one month (SD) but tended to stay at a fairly constant level of 67% until 3 months of storage. In experiment 2, the feeding value of treated CDF was evaluated in comparison to Rhodes grass hay, using growing goats and sheep. A $4{\times}2$ factorial design was used (Four roughage sources were used : Rhodes grass hay, untreated CDF, urea-treated CDF and CDF treated with urea + DS with sheep and goats as two animal species, using three animals / treatment). Untreated CDF had a similar feeding value to Rhodes grass hay. However treatment of CDF with urea alone or with urea + DS depressed animal performance of both goats and sheep, apparently due to depression of feed intake (appetite). Feeding untreated CDF decreased feeding cost by 29% and cost/kg gain by 23%. CDF showed a good potential as a cheap local roughage and emergency feed for ruminants in the Sultanate.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.489-498
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• 2015

This study investigates the effects of a China root (Smilax china L.) extract on the chemical and microbiological characteristics and antioxidant activity of the sausage stew sauce and the soft-tofu stew sauce over a 5-week storage period. Commercial sauces were obtained from the market, and samples were prepared using four different concentrations of the China root extract (0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. Over the 5-week storage period, pH and salinity showed slight changes in both the sausage and soft-tofu stew sauces, but there was no significant difference (p<0.05) regardless of the extract amount and temperature. At 5 weeks, there were significant decreases in the total microbial count in groups with the China root extract (p<0.05) for both the sausage and soft-tofu stew sauces at $5^{\circ}C$. Over the whole storage period, no coliform, yeast, and mold were detected in any sample. S. aureus counts were not detected in 1.0% and 1.5% China root groups at $5^{\circ}C$, but 1.00-1.60 log CFU/g was found in the control and 0.5% groups. DPPH radical scavenging activity at 5 weeks showed an increase with an increase in the amount of the China root extract in both sauces. These results indicate that the China root extract inhibited microbial growth during storage as well as scavenging activity and thus that it can be considered to prolong the shelf life of commercial sauces.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2003

This study was designed to investigate the effects of weight control and changes in serum components using a commercial uncooked food diet on 36 obese women over a period of 8 weeks. The subjects had uncooked food (40 g) with milk or soymilk twice a day instead of meals. The mean body weight and height measurements of the subjects at the outset were 69.1 $\pm$ 9.3 kg and 159.5 $\pm$ 4.4 cm, respectively. Initial daily calorie intake was 103.6 % of RDA, but was significantly lower at 4 and 8 weeks. The subjects showed a significant reduction in weight, body fat mass (p<0.05), anthropo-metric value and skinfold thickness during the experimental period. Hip and upper thigh girth were 102.7 $\pm$ 6.4 cm and 61.7 $\pm$ 4.3 cm at the outset, and fell to 99.3 $\pm$ 5.0 cm and 58.8 $\pm$ 4.1 cm after 8 weeks. The most significant reduction was in abdomen skinfold thickness (p < 0.05) , which went from 32.4 $\pm$ 8.7 mm at first to 24.2 $\pm$ 8.3 mm in after 8 weeks. Serum albumin levels were higher at 4 and 8 weeks than initially but the figures for all of the subjects were within the normal range. Hemoglobin and blood glucose levels were also within the normal range during the experimental period. Initial serum triglyceride level was 110.5 $\pm$ 49.5 mg/dl but fell to 93.2 $\pm$ 48.5 mg/dl after 8 weeks. Our results show that uncooked foods are effective in the diet therapy of obese women.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.12B
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• pp.838-846
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• 2005

In this paper, we consider the following two issues for implementing the synchronous Ethernet systems. First, a synchronous Ethernet system employs a fixed size superframe which is divided into a synchronous period and an asynchronous one. We note that the starting point of a superframe is not deterministic when an ordinary data frame's transmission is overlapped the superframe boundary. This overlap may be a fatal drawback for strict jitter bounded applications. Circumventing the problem, we propose a frame fragmentation scheme to provide a zero jitter, and compare its delay performance with the hold scheme which also provides the zero jitter. We next concern that IEEE 802.3x pause frames cannot be promptly transmitted in a synchronous period, and thus asynchronous traffics may be dramatically get dropped at the input buffer of a switch. To handle the problem, we propose an efficient flow control by allowing the transmission of the pause frame in a synchronous period, and investigate the blocking probability of the asynchronous traffics by the simulation.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.44-47
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• 2002

The effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on masculine copulatory behaviour were studied in the middle aged male Sprague-Dawley rats, 9 months old and retired breeders after dosing them with 500 mg/kg twice daily for 10 days prior to test. The test lasted for 30 minutes after a 20 minute adaptation period, was carried out on the 11th day during the dark phase of the light-dark cycle (2000-0700 hours) and in subdued light, using a modified copulation cage but with the presence of a piece of mirror of appropriate size to facilitate observation. Results showed that the mean values of EL-1, EL-2 and EL-3 of the control middle aged male rats were 103.20 sec, 91.21 sec and 80.00 sec but were significantly (p<0.05) increased to 118.40-120.20 sec, 101.24-171.28 sec and 100.42-110.21 sec respectively in the methanol-chloroform, methanol-butanol-water and methanol-butanol treated middle aged male rats. However, further results also showed that PEI-1 and PEI-2 of the control middle aged male rats were 182.30 sec and 257.2 sec but were significantly (p<0.05) decreased to 100.42-121.31 sec and 40.21-132.31 sec respectively in the methanol-chloroform-butanol-water and methanol-butanol treated middle aged male rats. In conclusion, this study showed that although E. longifolia Jack continued to enhance the sexual activity of the middle aged male rats by extending the duration of coitus and decreasing the refractory period between the different series of copulation, but to a smaller degree as compared to sexually active, adult male rats (Ang and Sim, 1997).

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.4B
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• pp.192-198
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a scheme that improves the transmission performance of realtime multimedia data in wireless Local Area Network (LAN) environment, through the dynamical control of Transmission Opportunity (TXOP) period of the IEEE 802.11e HCCA Medium Access Control (MAC). The existing schedulers which determine the frame transmission time and its duration could not appropriately cope with the change of physical transmission rate, since the TXOP period has remained unchanged with the change of transmission rate of the wireless station. Our scheme is devised to keep the transmission performance of real-time multimedia data effectively unchanged by making TXOP period be extended when the transmission rate gets reduced. The proposed scheme is experimented along with IEEE 802.11e reference model using NCTUns simulator, which shows that the multimedia data is effectively delivered with the change of transmission rate as the distance between the wireless station and its access point increases.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.370-378
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of added nutriprotein and rice powder as a plasticizer on physicohemical property, texture property of Backsulgi. In the physicochemical property, the content of proximate composition of nutriprotein was measured as 6.1% of moisture, 3.6% of carbohydrate, 84.3% of crude protein, 0.6% of crude lipid, 5.4% of ash. The raw material of rice powder was measured as 9.6% of moisture, 83.7% of carbohydrate, 6.0% of crude protein, 0.4% of crude lipid, 0.3% of ash. Swelling power and pore ratio of the control were 78.53% and 72.42%, and tended to increase as the amounts of nutriprotein and plastic rice powder increased. Aging by Avrami eguation retarded in Backsulgi added 10% plastic rice powder than rice powder Backsulgi. All the samples added 2, 4, 6, and 8% nutriprotein at the temperatures of 20 were more effective than others on aging. In texture properties, cohesiveness and springiness were not significantly changed by adding nutriprotein and not significantly changed during the storage period in all samples. Hardness and gumminess decreased by adding 2∼8% nutriprotein and increased during the storage period in all samples. Springiness and gumminess decreased by adding 40% plastic rice powder and increased during the storage period in all sample. Cohesiveness and hardness decreased by the increase of plastic rice powder. The texture characteristics by rheometer showed that Backsulgi with nutriprotein and plastic rice powder exhibited lower in hardness than the control, indicating that nutriprotein and plastic rice powder were effective in retarding retrogradation, which is better when storage time became longer.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1987.07a
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• pp.191-211
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• 1987

Common usage of the concept of juvenility implies that there is one physiological phase, the juvenile phase, which manifests itself in the various morphological and physiological phenomena observed in juvenile higher plants. The juvenile phase is often defined as that time from seed germination until the plant attains the ability to flower regulating such behaviour. This definition precludes plants from flowering in the juvenile phase. It is of major interest, therefore, to identify the physiological controls(Bluehreife) regulating such behavior. The length of the juvenile period in higher plants ranges from one year to over 60 years in different species. The long juvenile period of seedling is the main cause of the long duration of the breeding process. I determined the length of the juvenile period in various plants and its control of phase changes in natural system in relation to factors such as plant size and age, shoot morphology, apex size, root system and phytohormonal and nutritional status is reviewed. From the own experimental and observational evidence available it appears that both hormonal and nutritional factors can be involved in control of juvenility but that a specific juvenile or flowering hormone is not involved. Grafting, ringing, scoring, root pruning and fertilization have been used to accelerate flowering, but in most cases these cultured treatments are only successful on plants that were passed the juvenile phase. It is suggested that there are intrinsic difference between the meristematic cells of the apieces of juvenile and adult shoot, which are thus determined with respect to there development potentialities. The problems associated with the maintenance of the determined state through mitosis are discussed. The properties of transitional forms of Ribes nigrum L. intermediate between the juvenile and adult phase, are descrived and there implications discussed. Analogies are drawn between juvenile phenomena in woody perennials and in herbaceous species.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.333-342
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• 2017

In this study, we studied and analyzed 3,751 ships regarding detention list of Tokyo MOU from 2013 to 2015 total for 36 months. The Member Authorities of the MOU has 20 committee consists of Korea and Peru joined in 2015. 1,250 ships in a year and 140 ships in a month are granted PSC Action Code-30 corresponding to detention. Averagely, 30,943 ships in a year and 2,579 ships have been received PSC inspection. Additionally, according to this PSC inspection, rate of Detention reaches to 4.04%. When it comes to Korean Flag Ships however, the number of Detention ships of Tokyo MOU has been rather increased from 3 ships in 2013 to 18 ships during 2years. Furthermore, MOU in the all over the world, the number of ships had Detention has largely increased from 5 ships to 9 up-to 19ships. The number of Detention Ships has been reached to 44.8% of 1~2 days period of Detentions, under 3~10 days period of Detentions reaches to 34.7% and over 10 days detention reaches 10.3%, which cause economically enormous loss. Continually, each MOU has been implemented Concentrated Inspection Campaign(CIC) annually. Each MOU including Tokyo MOU implemented "Crew Familiarization for Enclosed Space Entry" for 3 month from september, and During this period, Concentrated Inspection were carried out to 8,429 ships of Tokyo MOU. Accordingly, If ships and owners can get the information of CIC and deliver the information to the ship, then Ships can minimize the rate of Detention by thoroughly preparing for PSC Inspection. In addition, Bulk Carrier and General Cargo ship occupy 50% of rate of Detention and it shows that majority of list among Nature of Deficiencies are identical. Finally, If we can obtain the information of the ships inspected previously, We can reduce the number of detention by preparing for PSC inspection. And this will be able to contribute to shipping industry also.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.42-50
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• 2015

Objectives: The aims of the study were to test the single- dose intravenous toxicity of Daebohwalryeok pharmacopuncture (DHRP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and to estimate the crude lethal dose. Methods: The experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech Co., a Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) laboratory, according to the GLP regulation and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Biotoxtech Co. (Approval no: 110156). The rats were divided into three groups: DHRP was injected into the rats in the two test groups at doses of 10 mL/kg and 20 mL/kg, respectively, and normal saline solution was injected into the rats in the control group. Single doses of DHRP were injected intravenously into 6 week old SD rats (5 male and 5 female rats per group). General symptoms were observed and weights were measured during the 14 day observation period after the injection. After the observation period, necropsies were done. Then, histopathological tests were performed. Weight data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using statistical analysis system (SAS, version 9.2). Results: No deaths and no statistical significant weight changes were observed for either male or female SD rats in either the control or the test groups during the observation period. In addition, no treatment related general symptoms or necropsy abnormalities were observed. Histopathological results showed no DHRP related effects in the 20 mL/kg DHRP group for either male or female rats. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, the results from single-dose intravenous injections of DHRP showed that estimated lethal doses for both male and female rats were above 20 mL/kg.