• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.807-818
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• 2016

The effect of addition commercial fish collagen hydrolysate and encapsulated fish collagen hydrolysate on the quality characteristics of sucuk (a traditional Turkish dry-fermented sausage) was investigated. Fish collagen hydrolysates were encapsulated with maltodextrin (MD) which has two different dextrose equivalent (12DE and 19 DE), with two different types of core/coating material ratios (10% peptide : 90% MD, 20% peptide : 80% MD). Than six group of sucuk dough (control, peptide, MD1210, MD1220, MD1910, MD1920) prepared and naturally fermented. The effects of the ripening period (28 d), treatment (peptide and encapsulated peptide addition) 'ripening period ${\times}$ treatment' interaction on sucuk's pH, lactic acid contents, $a_w$ values and moisture contents were statistically significant (p<0.01). The pH, moisture and $a_w$ decrease and lactic acid concentration increses during ripening period. The highest pH was observed with peptide added group (5.41), and encapsulated peptide added groups (4.76-4.77) were lower than the control group (5.26). Lactic acid concentration was affected from treatment and all treatment groups lactic acid concentration (0.185-0.190%) were higher than the control group (0.164%). Antioxidant and Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activities of water soluble protein extracts were significantly (p<0.01) increased during ripening time. Antioxidant activity reached the highest level at $28^{th}$ d. There was no significant increase observed after fermentation for both activities. Antioxidant activity of encapsulated peptide added (%39.56-40.48) groups were higher than control (34.28%) and peptide added (33.99%) groups except MD1920 (38.30%). The effect of the ripening period of the sucuk samples on TBA values was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01) while treatment and 'ripening period ${\times}$ treatment' interaction were not to be significant (p<0.05). The value of hardness was the highest in the encapsulated peptide added groups (29.27, 35.83 N), and it was 20.40 N and 15.41 N in the peptide added group and the control group respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.1247-1264
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• 2021

Anabolic steroids are frequently used to increase the growth rate of meat-producing animals. Exposure to an anabolic-androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate (ND), is associated with expressional reduction of testicular steroidogenic enzymes. However, the effect of withdrawal of ND exposure on the expression of these testicular molecules has not been thoroughly explored. The current research investigated expression changes of testicular steroidogenic enzymes in rats at several recovery periods (2, 6, and 12 weeks) after the stop of ND treatment with different doses (2 and 10 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Body and testis weights were recorded, and transcript levels of molecules were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The immunohistochemistry was used to examine the changes of immuno-intensities of molecules. At 6 and 12 weeks of the recovery period, the 10 mg/kg ND-treated rats were lighter than other experimental groups. The interstitial compartment vanished by ND treatment filled up as the recovery period became longer. The expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein was returned to the control level at 12 weeks of the recovery period. Expression levels of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage and 17a-hydroxylase were increased in 2 mg/kg ND-treated group at 6 weeks of the recovery period, and transcript levels of these molecules in 2 and 10 mg/kg ND-treated groups at 12 weeks of the recovery period were significantly lower than the control. Expression levels of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type I and 17β-HSD type 3 in 2 mg/kg ND-treated group were comparable with those of control at 12 weeks of the recovery period, but not in 10 mg/kg ND-treated group. Expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase (Cyp19) was reverted to the control level at 2 weeks of the recovery period. Except for Cyp19, there was a visible increase of immuno-staining intensity of other testicular steroidogenic enzymes in the Leydig cells as the recovery period progressed. This research has demonstrated that the cease of ND administration could restore the expression of testicular steroidogenic enzymes close to the normal level. Nevertheless, a relatively long recovery period, compared to the ND-exposure period would be required to retrieve normal expression levels of testicular steroidogenic enzymes.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.175-181
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• 2018

In this paper, we introduce a new dimming control method in a visible light communication (VLC) system wherein byteinversion is adopted for flicker-free transmission. In the VLC transmitter, the original and the inverted data were sent sequentially and the remnant time in one period was used for the dimming control of the LED light. In the VLC receiver, only the original data was recovered using the gating signal whose width was the same as the length of the original data. In our experiments, the dimming control ranges were measured to be 22%-53%, 11%-76%, and 5%-88% of the CW LED light when the data rates were 9.6, 19.2, and 38.4 kbps, respectively. In this system, we used a 240-Hz sync pulse whose period was 4.16 ms, which was shorter than the maximum flickering time period of 5 ms that is generally considered to be safe. This configuration is very simple and useful in constructing indoor wireless sensor networks using the flicker-free LED lamps with dimming control capability.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2022

To improve the shelf-life of Centella asiatica, Centella asiatica was treated with gel packs containing slow-released chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) gas at 3-5 ppm for 20 days at 4℃. The weight loss rate, as well as the changes in pH, color, and texture of the treated samples, were investigated. The weight of the control and ClO₂ gas-treated samples was decreased during the storage period. The change in weight of the control was slightly faster than that of the samples treated with 3 and 4 ppm ClO₂ gas. The pH of the control and the ClO₂ gas treated samples were decreased during the storage period and there was no significant difference between the control and ClO₂ gas treated samples. Concerning color (lightness, redness, and yellowness) changes of Centella asiatica during the storage period, there was no significant difference between the control and ClO₂ gas treated samples. The change in shear force in the leaf and stem of Centella asiatica during the storage period was slightly lower in the 4 ppm ClO₂ gas treated samples (in the leaf) compared to the control and 3 and 4 ppm ClO₂ gas treated samples (in the stem) compared to the control and 5 ppm ClO₂ gas treated sample.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.53-62
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• 2009

Lee[15] examined quantity discount contracts between a manufacturer and a retailer in a stochastic, two-period inventory model where quantity discounts are provided based on the previous order size. During the two periods, the retailer faces stochastic (truncated Poisson distributed) demands and he/she places orders to meet the demands. The manufacturer provides for the retailer a price discount for the second period order if its quantity exceeds the first period order quantity. In this paper we extend the above two-period model to a k-period one (where k < 2) and propose a stochastic nonlinear mixed binary integer program for it. In order to make the program tractable, the nonlinear term involving the sum of truncated Poisson cumulative probability function values over a certain range of demand is approximated by an i-interval piecewise linear function. With the value of i selected and fixed, the piecewise linear function is determined using an evolutionary algorithm where its fitness to the original nonlinear term is maximized. The resulting piecewise linear mixed binary integer program is then transformed to a mixed binary integer linear program. With the k-period model developed, we suggest a solution procedure of receding horizon control style to solve n-period (n < k) order decision problems. We implement Lee's two-period model and the proposed k-period model for the use in receding horizon control style to solve n-period order decision problems, and compare between the two models in terms of the pattern of order quantities and the total profits. Our computational study shows that the proposed model is superior to the two-period model with respect to the total profits, and that order quantities from the proposed model have higher fluctuations over periods.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 2007

In order to verify the feasibility of expansion of back-fire limit equivalence ratio in the hydrogen-fueled engine with external mixture, the characteristics of performance and combustion are experimentally analyzed with change of intake/exhaust valve timings under the fixed valve overlap period of $0^{\circ}$ CA(non-valve overlap period). These characteristics are also tested for the change of exhaust valve closing timing while intake valve opening timing is fixed to clear the main cause of back-fire occurrence. As the results, the less valve overlap period center is retarded, the more back-fire limit equivalence ratio increases and back-fire does not occurred after TDC. In addition, it was shown that the control of back-fire is dependent on intake valve opening timing than valve overlap period.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.613-624
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• 2019

Digital current control techniques are an attractive option for DC-DC converters. In this paper, a digital predictive peak current control algorithm is presented for buck converters that allows the inductor current to track the reference current in two switching cycles. This control algorithm predicts the inductor current in a future period by sampling the input voltage, output voltage and inductor current of the current period, which overcomes the problem of hardware periodic delay. Under the premise of ensuring the stability of the system, the response speed is greatly improved. A real-time parameter identification method is also proposed to obtain the precision coefficient of the control algorithm when the inductance is changed. The combination of the two algorithms achieves adaptive tracking of the peak inductor current. The performance of the proposed algorithms is verified using simulations and experimental results. In addition, its performance is compared with that of a conventional proportional-integral (PI) algorithm.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.498-510
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• 2001

Distraction osteogenesis refers to the biological process responsible for new bone formation between bone segments by gradual distraction after osteotomy. For the past several years, various inconveniences including a protracted consolidation period that requires patients to wear a distractor frame longer, as well as higher medical costs, have not been remedied by improvements in osteotomy, distraction rate and monitoring system. Furthermore, side effects such as pin tract infections and soft tissue swelling may arise due to the long treatment period. These drawbacks form the rationale of this study which purports to seek a method by which the consolidation period can be reduced. This paper examines how platelet-rich plasma(PRP), known to facilitate osteogenesis, influences bone formation when applied in distracted area. Ten mongrel dogs, which were made to wear external distractor frames after osteotomy in both sides of the mandible, were used as subjects. After a 7day period of latency, distraction was carried out at a rate of 1mm/day for 14 consecutive days. After the onset of distraction, 2ml of PRP and a mixture of calcium gluconate and thrombine were injected into the center of the distracted callus on the left side of the mandible. The left was injected with PRP while the right side was set as the control site without PRP treatment. Execution at the onset of distraction and in 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the consolidation period, clinical and radiographic tests, bone mineral density examination, histological examination and histomorphometric analysis were conducted to compare both sides. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Based on the clinical examination at two weeks, more remarkable cortical bone formation was found on the buccal and lingual side of the distracted area in the PRP treatment site than in the control site. No visual difference was found between the PRP treatment site and the control site at four eight weeks. 2. Based on the radiological examination, a distinct increase in the radiopaque appearance of the PRP treatment site was revealed at two weeks, but this increase appeared to slow down at four and eight weeks. 3. Examination of bone mineral density revealed a significant difference at two weeks with the PRP treatment site yielding density two times higher than the control site. This difference lessened after four weeks, and disappeared at eight weeks. 4. The histomorphometric examination revealed that about 20% more bony trabeculae area(20%, higher) was formed in the PRP treatment site than in the control site. In conclusion, it can be said that PRPs effect on stimulating bone formation in the PRP treatment site manifest as early as two weeks. Trabeculae formation likewise increased throughout the whole period. If this result can be applied to humans, the consolidation period can be reduced by injecting PRP into the distracted area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.86-96
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• 1998

In this study, an intermittently aerated activated sludge process, modified process from conventional activated sludge process, was developed to treat high strength swine wastewater, which has been blamed as major pollutant for stream pollution. Therefore, the optimum cycle for oxic and anoxic period, SRT, and OLR were studied as design parameters. The effects of different time interval for oxic and anoxic period on nitrification and denitrification were examined by operating two reactors with 60/60min and 60/90min as oxic/anoxic period. Although the reactor with 60/60min showed complete denitrification of $NO_x-N$ generated during oxic period, the reactor with 60/90min showed incomplete nitrification due to the inactivity of nitrifier by accumulated $NH_3-N$ toxicity during anoxic period. Therefore, it is recommended to operate same interval for oxic and anoxic period. In order to determine the optimum cycle for oxic/anoxic period, four different reactors with 30/30, 60/60, 90/90 and 120/120min were examined. The reactor operation with 90/90min was optimum to get the most stable results in this study. However, the optimum cycle for oxic and anoxic period should be changed with characteristics of influent wastewater and operating conditions. According to lie operation results of three reactors with SRT of 15, 20 and 30days. The reactor with 2Odays SRT showed best removal efficiency of T-N. The optimum OLR would be $2.5Kg\;COD/m^3/day$ which showed the most stable nitrification and denitrification. Since characteristics of influent wastewater in the real system has a severe fluctuation, so it is very difficult to determine each interval for oxic and anoxic period. Therefore, ORP curves, describing the change of oxidation/reduction potential in reactor, can be used as a control parameter for automatic control of oxic and anoxic period. In other words, bending point (Nitrate Knee) of ORP curve during anoxic period could be used as a starting point of oxic period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1019-1022
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• 2005

As recent information communication technology is rapidly developed, a lot of researches related to speech signal processing have been processed. So pitch period is applied as important factor to many application fields such as speech recognition, speaker identification, speech analysis and synthesis. Therefore, many algorithms related to pitch detection have been proposed in time domain and frequency domain and AMDF(average magnitude difference function) which is one of pitch detection algorithms in time domain chooses time interval from valley to valley as pitch period. But, in selection of valley point to detect pitch period, complexity of the algorithm is increased. So in this paper we proposed pitch detection algorithm using rotation transform of AMDF, that taking the global minimum valley point as pitch period and established a threshold about the phoneme in beginning portion, to exclude pitch period selection. and compared existing methods with proposed method through simulation.