• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.345-354
• /
• 2000

TGF-${\beta}_1$ is a potent chemotactic factor for inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. It also stimulates the celluar source and components of extracellular matrix and the production of proteinase inhibitors. Collectively, these biologic activities lead to the accumulation and stabilization of the nascent matrix, which is vital to wound healing. The objective of this study is to investigate production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ in vitro fibroblast culture in the presence of Staphylococcus enterotoxin B(SEB) and/or lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and to elucidate the role of TGF-${\beta}_1$ which may be responsible for wound healing. The fibroblasts were originated from facial dermis and hypertrophic scar in 26 year-old male patient. In the presence of LPS($0.01{\mu}g$, $0.1{\mu}g$, $1.0{\mu}g$), SEB($0.01{\mu}g$, $0.1{\mu}g$, $1.0{\mu}g$) respectively, cells($5{\times}10^3ml$) were cultivated in vitro. At 1, 3, and 5 days after incubation, cells were counted. Also, cells($2.5{\times}10^5ml$) were cultivated in EMEM with LPS(0.01, 0.1 and $1.0{\mu}g$), SEB(0.01, 0.1 and $1.0{\mu}g$) respectively and LPS($0.1{\mu}g$) and SEB($0.1{\mu}g$) in combination for 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively. Culture supernatants were harvested at 1, 2, and 3 days after incubation period and triplicate culture supernatants were pooled and TGF-${\beta}_1$ was assayed in duplicate. The results were as follows. 1. In facial dermal fibroblast induced with SEB and LPS respectively or in combination, the suppression of cell proliferation occurred very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. In SEB exposure, the production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ was decreased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. However, in LPS, SEB and LPS exposure, the production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ was increased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. 2. In hypertrophic scar fibroblast induced with SEB and LPS respectively or in combination, the suppression of cell proliferation did not occur at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. In SEB and LPS exposure in combination, the production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ was increased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. However, the production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ did not occur in SEB and LPS exposure respectively. In conclusion, the concentration of bacterial toxins and the incubation period correlated with cell proliferation and production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ very significantly and both fibroblasts have different phenotype each other in this regard. This data suggest that the significant production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ may develope abnormal wound healing associated with tissue fibroproliferative disorder, such as hypertrophic scar and keloid formation.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.261-277
• /
• 2003

The Korean Stock Market Surveillance System is desinged to control the volatility of stocks by drawing investor's attention and suppressing disguised demand, when stocks run up so rapidly in short period of time. Yet the Surveillance System has not been under empirical examination about its role and evolved in line with the Price Limit System. This study looks at the security returns under surveillance designation for 1995 -2001 period. The results indicate that the volatility of stocks has not been affected after surveillance designation. The constraints against the disguised demand, however, seems to limit the security returns rather than volatilities. These findings raises a question about the role of The Korean Stock Market Surveillance System for the control of volatility. The Surveillance System needs to be examined thoroughly about its role, function, and its conditions. Otherwise, the shareholders with less information could be placed at a disadvantage. This paper suggests that the system should be amended in an effort to make the volatility of stocks under control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.101 no.4
• /
• pp.686-694
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate that affect benthic macroinvertebrates for installed erosion control works at a mountain torrential stream. The survey was carried out six times from April 2007 to October 2008 at two points where erosion control works were installed and at a control point in the upstream with no such works. Variations in the community structure and cluster of benthic macroinvertebrates and ecological water quality were analyzed in the survey. From the six times survey, the identified benthic macroinvertebrates were 6,922 individuals belonged to 27 species, 24 families, 13 orders, 6 classes and 4 phyla. As the average results of three surveyed sites, the dominant species was Gammarus sobaegensis of Amphipoda. The species diversity index(H') showed the highest as 1.47 at Site 2 of the fourth survey and the lowest as 0.24 at Site 2 of the sixth survey. The evenness Index(EI) showed the highest as 0.823 at Site 2 of the fourth survey and the lowest as 0.194 at Site 1 of the fifth survey. The richness index(RI) showed the highest as 2.794 at Site 1 of the first survey and the lowest as 0.291 at Site 2 of the sixth survey. The ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrate community(ESB) and individual of EPT-group were declined during the survey period. The functional feeding group(FFG) showed the highest SH types during the survey period.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.192-197
• /
• 2018

A new blackish-brown variety of Flammulina velutipes, 'Yeoreumhyang2ho,' which was bred by crossing two monokaryons isolated from the 'Heukhyang' and 'Garlmoe' varieties, showed adaptability to high temperature. During bottle cultivation, the temperature was maintained at $16^{\circ}C$ and the variety displayed good productivity compared to the control ('Heukhyang'), without necessitating low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) treatment. The period necessary for mycelial and fruit body growth, and primordia formation was 24 days, 8 days, and 8 days, respectively. The total cultivation period was 40 days, which was 3 days shorter than that of the control. Particularly, primordia formation took 2 days less than the control and showed initial uniformity. The yield of 'Yeoreumhyang2ho' was 154 g per 850 ml bottle, which was 8% higher than the control yield. The ${\beta}-glucan$ content was 67.9 g per 100 g dry weight, which is approximately 1.1-2.2 times the amount of ${\beta}-glucan$ in control, the golden and white mushrooms that are available in the market.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.530-538
• /
• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient composition, in vitro ruminal ammonia concentrations and pH of wet distillers grains (WDG, produced from tapioca 70% and rice 30%) and to evaluate dietary effects of fermented total mixed ration (TMR) using WDG on the performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers from mid fattening to slaughter. In Exp. I, average dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen free extract of seven WDG samples from an ethanol plant with different sampling dates were 19.9%, 24.8%, 3.8%, 21.8%, 8.87%, 60.3%, 34.5%, and 40.7% (DM basis), respectively. For in vitro ammonia concentrations and pH, each sample was assigned to 7 incubation times (0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Linear increase was observed between 12 and 48 h for ammonia concentrations, but final ammonia concentrations (72 h) were not significantly different among WDG samples and fermentation patterns of WDG samples showed similar tendency. In vitro pH varied among treatments from 0 to 24 h, but were not different statistically after 48 h. In Exp. II, 45 Hanwoo steers of 23 months ($641{\pm}123kg$) from mid fattening period to slaughter (248 days) were randomly divided into three groups of 15 pens each (five repetitions/each treatment) and assigned to one of three dietary treatments; i) Control (TMR), ii) WDG 15 (TMR containing 15% of WDG, as fed basis) and iii) WDG 28 (TMR containing 28% of WDG, as fed basis). The body weight (BW), ADG, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control and WDG 15 and 28 during 248 days were 760.8, 740.1, and 765.5 kg, and 0.50, 0.50, and 0.52 kg/d, and 18.6, 17.6, and 17.1, respectively. The dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/d) of control (9.11) was higher (p<0.05) than WDG treatments (WDG 15%, 8.57; 28%, 8.70). Nevertheless, DMI did not affect BW, ADG, and FCR of Hanwoo finishing steers. Blood metabolites were in normal ranges and were not different among treatments except the albumin concentration. In carcass characteristics, WDG 15 (30%) showed higher frequency of A-carcass yield grade than WDG 28 (15%) and control (7%), and WDG 28 (61%) showed higher frequency of $1^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^+$-carcass quality grade than WDG 15 (40%) and control (60%). In conclusion, using WDG up to 28% in TMR did not show any negative effect on the performance and blood metabolites, and improved carcass quality of Hanwoo steers. Therefore, WDG can be a useful feed ingredient for Hanwoo steers in mid-fattening period to slaughter.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.108-122
• /
• 2001

The cause of essential hypertension is yet unknown, but in general is caused by interaction of hereditary factors, diet, obesity, lack of exercise and stress. The aging process influences various physiological mechanism related to regulation of blood pressure. So elderly hypertensives have a tendancy to consider the disease as a result of the physiological aging process. This attitude causes many complications, worsening of the disease and even early death because of inappropriate care. In order to improve self-management of elderly hypertensives in this study the researcher examined the effect of blood pressure regulation by an education program that improves self-care behavior, through increasing self-efficacy. The education program consisted of group education on hypertension and self-care strategies, and encouraging and reinforcing self-efficacy resources such as verbal persuation, performance accomplishment and vicarious experiences. A quasi-experimental pre-and post-test design was used. Thirty-two elderly hypertensives participated in the study. Eighteen in the education group and fourteen in the control group. The education program consisted of eight sessions twice a week for four weeks. There was no intervention for the control group. Data were analysed using SPSS for Windows(Version 8.0). The results were as follows. 1. There was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time. 2. There was no significant difference in the level of self-care behavior between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time. 3. There was significant difference in selfefficacy of experimental and control group, depending on the measuring period, but there was no difference between these groups on interaction by groups and over time. 4. There was positive correlation between self efficacy and self care behavior depending on the measuring period. There was negative correlation between diastolic blood pressure and self-care behavior on the posttest of the program, and between systolic blood pressure and self-care behavior on the follow-up test of the program. Findings indicate that this study will contribute to develop nursing strategies for the regulation of blood pressure for the elderly, which is easy for the elderly to learn as a nonpharmacologic approach.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.1069-1085
• /
• 2011

In large-type goats that were fed on dry forage twice daily, dry forage intake was markedly suppressed after 40 min of feeding had elapsed. The objective of this study was to clarify whether or not increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding suppress dry forage intake. Eight large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 3 to 6 years, weighing $72.3{\pm}2.74$ kg) were used in two experiments conducted under sham feeding conditions. The animals were fed ad libitum a diet of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h from 10:00 to 12:00 h during two experiments. Water was withheld during feeding in both experiments but was available for a period of 30 min after completion of the 2 h feeding period. In experiment 1, an intraruminal infusion of artificial parotid saliva (RIAPS) in the control replenished saliva lost via the esophageal fistula and an intraruminal infusion of hypertonic solution (RIHS) in the treatment was carried out in order to reproduce the effects of changing salt content due to feed entering the rumen. In experiment 2, the RIHS control was conducted in the same manner as the RIHS treatment of experiment 1. The treatment group consisted of RIHS-with an intravenous infusion of artificial mixed saliva (VIAMS) treatment that was carried out for 3 h to prevent increases in plasma osmolality during feeding. The results of the RIHS treatment in experiment 1 showed that ruminal fluid osmolality increased and then an increase in plasma osmolality was observed. This resulted in the production of thirst sensations and the reduction of cumulative dry forage intake to 43.3% (p<0.05) of the RIAPS control. The results of the RIHS-VIAMS treatment in experiment 2 indicated that ruminal fluid osmolality was the same as the RIHS control but plasma osmolality significantly decreased, and thirst level was markedly reduced. This caused a significant increase of 31.4% (p<0.05) in cumulative dry forage intake in the RIHS-VIAMS treatment compared to the RIHS control. These results indicate that increases in ruminal fluid osmolality during dry forage feeding indirectly suppresses dry forage intake by causing an increase in plasma osmolality and subsequently inducing thirst sensations. The results of the present study suggest that marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are caused by increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.193-201
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of nutrition counseling on the dietary intake and nutritional status cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment. The study was conducted over 6 week period and included 104 patients : 66 received nutrition counseling as the variable group of 42 male and 24 female and 38 patients received no counseling as the control group of 19 male and 19 female. Nutrition counseling was accompanied with the radiation therapy and adminstered via counseling session and distribution of printed material during radiation therapy for 6 weeks. Nutrition counseling aimed at maintaining a balanced diet and preventing weight loss of subjects, guideline used for energy and protein intake were 35kcal/kg IBW and 1.5-2.0g/kg IBW, respectively. Over the course of the study, the counseling group increased significantly in comparison to the control group's energy intake, evidenced by the counseling group's initial mean daily energy intake of 1932.0kcal, and 4 and 6 week mean energy intake values of 2046.6kcal, 2066kcal, respectively. But mean energy values of control group was 1614.3kcal at 4 week. Th energy intake per weight values and protein intake per weight values for initial, 4 and 6 week intervals for counseling group were 33.2kcal/kg, 33.7kcal/kg, 34.0kcal/kg, and 1.48g/kg, 1.58g/kg, 1.59g/kg, respectively. Based on results, nutrition counseling had positive effects on both the variety of diet and energy intake of the variable group, mostly due to an increase in dairy product and egg consumption. In addition, the percentage of counseling group patients who consumed all 5 food group increased from 48.5% to 54.5%. Sufficient energy intake and protein consumption seem to be important factors in weight loss prevention, evidenced by weight gain by subjects in the counseling group who had 36.1kcal/kg/day mean energy intake and 1.77g/kg/day mean protein intake after 4 weeks. Counseling group subjects experiencing weight loss had lower intake and 1.77g/kg/day mean protein intake after 3 weeks. Counseling group subjects experiencing weight loss had lower intakes of 29.3kcal/kg/day for energy and 1.33g/kg/day for protein during the same period. Another significant factor in weight loss prevention of the counseling group could be the variety of diet. The dietary variety scores(DVS) of both counseling and control groups differed significantly : the counseling group had a mean score of 34 while the control group of patients. At the end of the study, the mean percentage of subjects within each group having a DDS 5 was higher in the counseling group (54.5% v.s. 24.0%). In this study, nutrition counseling for cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy proved to be effective in preventing weight loss, a major complication during radiotherapy. Nutrition counseling not only increased protein and energy intake, but also had desirable effects on variety or diversity of diet.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.471-478
• /
• 2011

The ginseng stem fungus gnat, Phytosciara procera, overwintered in old stems and roots of ginseng as a larvae from late September to early May in next year. In the late Spring they become pupa then emerged. Therefore, the first control period has to be set between late May and early June. It is a same period of elimination of ginseng flower stalks. Two or three times pest control might be needed per month for controlling adult of P. procera. Otherwise, the overwintered form as larva in old stem by removal of old stems of ginseng, the population of first generation of P. procera adults could be reduced. However, it seemed that the removal of old stems was not necessarily correlated with the population of P. procera adults in the next generation. Three kinds of environmental-friendly control agents that were mainly contained sophora extract, showed the highly insecticidal activities against larva of P. procera. Among them, one agent containing sophora extract and paraffin oil showed an ovicidal action as well as oviposition repellency.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.140-151
• /
• 2007

In this study, we attempted to develop a watershed runoff index subject to main control points by dividing the Geum River basin into 14 sub-basins. The Yongdam multipurpose dam Daecheong multipurpose dam and Gongju gage station were selected to serve as the main control points of the Geum River basin, and the observed flow of each control point was calculated by the discharge rating curve, whereas the simulated flow was estimated using the Rainfall Runoff Forecasting System (RRFS), user-interfaced software developed by the Korea Water Corporation, based on the Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) model developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. This study consisted of the daily unit observed flow and the simulated flow of the accumulated moving average flow by daily, 5-days, 10-days, monthly, quarterly and annually, and normal monthly/annually flow. We also performed flow duration analysis for each of the accumulated moving average and the normal monthly/annually flows by unit period, and abundant flow, ordinary flow, low flow and drought flow estimated by each flow duration analysis were utilized as watershed runoff index by main control points. Further, as we determined the current flow by unit period and the normal monthly/annually flow through the drought and flood flow analysis subject to each flow we were able to develop the watershed runoff index in a system that can be used to determine the abundance and scarcity of the flow at the corresponding point.