• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.980-987
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• 2012

Nonpoint source pollution causes leaks and overtopping, depending on the state of the sewer network as well as aggravates the pollution load of the aqueous water system as it is introduced into the sewer by wash-off. According, the need for efficient sewer monitoring system which can manage the sewage flowrate, water quality, inflow/infiltration and overflow has increased for sewer maintenance and the prevention of environmental pollution. However, the sewer monitoring is not easy since the sewer network is built in underground with the complex nature of its structure and connections. Sewer decontamination mechanism as well as pipe network monitoring and fault diagnosis of water network system on system analysis proposed in this study. First, the pollution removal pattern and behavior of contaminants in the sewer pipe network is analyzed by using sewer process simulation program, stormwater & wastewater management model for expert (XP-SWMM). Second, the sewer network fault diagnosis was performed using the multivariate statistical monitoring to monitor water quality in the sewer and detect the sewer leakage and burst. Sewer decontamination mechanism analysis with static and dynamic state system results showed that loads of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) during rainfall are greatly increased than non-rainfall, which will aggravate the pollution load of the water system. Accordingly, the sewer outflow in pipe network is analyzed due to the increased flow and inflow of pollutant concentration caused by rainfall. The proposed sewer network monitoring and fault diagnosis technique can be used effectively for the nonpoint source pollution management of the urban watershed as well as continuous monitoring system.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1974

A considerable change of the Korean nursing system has been made during the last decade not only in its philosophy but also in its function and structure to meet political and scientific need of the modern society. The main purpose of this study is to develope the new concept of comprehensive nursing care, both its Philosophy and ethics, as the basic of modern clinical nursing theory and practice. Comprehensive nursing care is the concept of human centered nursing care, and it helps a man to meet the basic physical, psychological, environmental, socioeconomic and teaching needs. It also helps him to help himself to meet these needs. This concept starts from the individualized nursing care and its ultimate goal is to improve a man to have a better position in his own community so that he may able to have a meaningful life. To accomplish this goal, an individualized nursing care plan as a nursing diagnosis and problem solving method should be set up for different patients with similar diagnosis to meet their needs, because each patient has a different social background. from this viewpoint, nursing is a science as well as abstruse humanity. The performance of comprehensive nursing care is a goal and issue of modern clinical nursing care. If nursing is a science and a profession for man, it should have ethics which recognize the dignity of man and offers infinite service voluntarily, and should be able to show leadership in carrying out the nursing responsibility. This leadership finds a person's potential and encourages him to utilize it. Such concepts should develop into a nursing ideology and this ideology should become a priority in comprehensive nursing care. The following statements are the conclusion of this study. 1) Modern nursing has been developed from disease centered nursing care to comprehensive nursing care based on humanity. The primary principle of nursing was to assist in the treatment of disease, but it has been changed to the professional nursing system independently. 2) The concept of nursing is one of continuous or endless scope of dispersion. It proves that nursing is grasping the professional responsibility to be able to coordinate scientific principles Patient health problems are according to scientific principles rather than adhering to nursing technical discipline as a daily work. 3) In chapter I and Ⅱ, the philosophy and ideology of nursing have been discussed and the flow of concept of clinical nursing and the rate of progress which emerges from naturalizing performance of the concept of comprehensive nursing in clinical nursing studied. The discussion developed the theory that a nurse should be to embody nursing ideas and objectives by establishing definite conviction of professions and study. 4) In chapter lil, nursing planning based on nursing diagnosis as a method to attain ideal nursing care for humanity with a definite idea of establishing philosophy of nursing was presented. 5) From the result of survey on patient needs about treatment and nursing, it was observed that all patient had emotional stress from unknown factors. Therefore it was concluded that nurses should not only educate the patient but also give them the opportunity to communicate freely their needs and anxieties. Furthermore complaints and doubts of the patient should be carefully noted and must be considered to meet these needs. 6) Patient teaching is the most important part of comprehensive nursing care. In chapter, Ⅲ, the important of patient teaching was emphasized by demonstrating the effect of patient teaching for diabetic patient. 7) In Chapter Ⅳ, from the result of the study on nurses attitudes to comprehensive nursing care, it was pointed that the evolution of nursing education and the establishment of a complete concept and value of comprehensive nursing was necessary.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

A field-scale(8.6${\times}$2.5${\times}$2.4 m) and pilot-scale(1.39${\times}$0.89${\times}$0.89 m) thermophilic aerobic oxidation (TAO) units were installed to investigate the volume reduction efficiency of slurry, by varying the aeration and treatment temperature of swine manure, and the collected liquid was evaluated as a liquid fertilizer. In the field-scale unit, the aeration level and numbers of foam breakers made different effects on the slurry volume and temperature in the TAO system. The experiments were peformed for three cases, using different levels of aeration and numbers of foam breakers: Treat-A (aeration rate; 120 ㎥ air/hr using 2 air pumps and 2 foam breakers), Treat-B (aeration rate; 180 ㎥ air/hr using 3 air pumps and 3 foam breakers) and Treat-C (aeration rate; 180 ㎥ air/hr using 3 air pumps and 4 foam breakers). With the same input volume (5 ㎥/day) of swine manure slurry, the resulting liquid levels, temperatures and evaporation rates were 50∼100 cm, 31∼$64^{\circ}C$ and 55 $\ell/m^2$/day for Treat-A; 40∼90 cm, 29∼$52^{\circ}C$ and 75 $\ell/m^2$/day for Treat-B; and 40∼70 cm, 45∼$54^{\circ}C$ and 120.0 $\ell/m^2$/day for Treat-C. In the pilot-scale unit, semi-continuous flow of swine manure slurry was introduced. 50 $\ell$ every 2hr(T-1), 50 $\ell$ every 3hr(T-2), 40 $\ell$ every 2hr (T-3) and 60 $\ell$ every 4hr (T-4) within 24 hours, in order to find the maximum slurry volume reduction conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.676-689
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• 2013

This study is to understand the current situation of Wonju Stream, which flows through Wonju, Kangwon-do, and Seom River, the national river located outside of Wonju, by investigating all river areas using biotope type. Also, this research looked into the relationship between biotope and appearance of wild birds by investigating the location of their appearance. Biotope groups are 'scale', 'shape', and 'landscape'. And, biotope types are 'moisture', 'physical environment', and 'existence of vegetation'. Biotope subtypes are 'river area', 'physical environment', 'vegetation type', and 'usage of land'. Seom River is classified as 21 different sections, and Wonju Stream is classified as 19 different sections. Wild birds are investigated on breeding season, which was January and May of 2008. By marking each bird's location of appearance, it figured out properties of biotope according to the location of bird's appearance. 31 species, 795 birds in spring were founded, and 49 species, 4,348 birds are founded in winter at Seom River area. Also, 34 species, 427 birds in spring, and 33 species, 3,442 birds are founded in winter at Wonju Stream area. In winter, 26 species, 547 birds, and in spring, 12 species, 72 birds at natural river with estuaries in confluence of Seom River area are founded. Also, 34 species, 1412 birds in winter, and 24 species, 341 birds in spring are founded at natural river with estuaries and wetland plants. This means that because agricultural rivers have wide river width, slow flow speed, and many different types of biotope, these rivers can be good habitats for wild birds. The precise investigations and classifications of biotope, which especially are hard for linear rivers, were done to understand the whole and current situation of rivers. Furthermore, the data that shows the locations of wild birds can basically be used for a recovery of biological habitats, a constructing of ecological streams, a river-maintenance, and an enhancement of biodiversity of Wonju. Also, because the types of biotope are altered by rain, a continuous monitoring for maintaining ecosystem of rivers are highly needed.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.225-232
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• 2000

Purpose : The use antimicrobial agents is one of the important strategies for the treatment and prophylaxis of microbial infections. But injudicious abuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents is problem to add an extra weight on medical fee, increase of resistant bacteria and side effects according to the antibiotic use. This study was performed to establish the pertinent use of antimicrobial agent in Chonbuk National University Hospital(CNUH). Characteristics of antibiotics use was analysis by reviewing the medical records of patients admitted to CNUH during the period of May 1998. Methods : One thousand eight hundred and thirty three patients were enrolled in this study(medical division 1,014 cases, surgical division 819 cases). Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to classify the rate of antibiotics use, name of antibiotics used, appropriateness of antibiotics use. Results : The overall rate of antibiotic usage in CNUH was 67.2%(1,231/1,833), showing higher rate in surgical division(89.6%) compare to that of medical division(49.0%). Among 1,231 patients to whom antimicrobial agents were given, only 125(10.2%) were treated with single antimicrobial agents. 311(25.3%) were treated with two antimicrobial agents, and 795(64.5%) patients received 3 or more antibiotics. ${\beta}$-lactams(56.4%) were most frequently used followed by aminoglycosides(35.3%), the others(4.9%) and quinolons(3.4%). Amoxicillin-clavulanate was the mostly commonly used antibiotics followed by amoxicillin and unasyn. Prophylactic use of antibiotics was carried in seven hundred six patients(57.4%), mostly in surgical division, which can be considered somewhat inappropriate in the initiation time and duration of antibiotic use. Conclusion : Importance of monotherapy and appropriate prophylactic antibiotic use should be emphasized. Strategies of antibiotics use, such as restriction of drug use, continuous monitoring system, flow sheet system should be considered to reduce antibiotics use and establish the appropriate use of antibiotics as well as inhibiting the occurrence of resistant strains.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.279-286
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• 2005

Purpose : There are two modalities, those are small bowel series(SBS) and abdominal pelvic computed tomography(CT), for diagnosis of small bowel disease. The aim of this study is to lend radiological technologists who are doing the two modalities assistance in the understanding characteristic of disease by comparing the two results. Meterials and method : 284 patients were examined the two SBS and abdominal pelvic CT together from 1999 to 2003. 250 ml $BaSO_4$ suspension 40 w/v% and 600ml carboxy methyl cellulose 0.5 w/v% were used for SBS. Abdominal Pelvic CT was examined in one hour before taking 450 ml $BaSO_4$ suspension 1.5 w/v%. The CT scan was done in 72 sec after 150 ml contrast media injection. the used protocol was helical mode 5:5 mm pitch 1.375:1, speed 27.50, exposure 120 kv, 240 mA, tube rotation time 0.5 sec. the statistic analysis was conducted with statistical program SPSS 10 version with frequency and crossing analysis. P-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results : In the results of SBS, normal findings were 131 patients(46.1%), inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) 64(22.9%), ischemia+ileocolitis+vasculitis 22(7.7%), Obstruction+stricture 21(7.7%) and Others 45(15.9%). In the results of abdominal pelvic CT, normal findings were 103 patients(36.3%), inflammatory bowel disease 65(22.9%), wall thickening+lymphadenopathy 42(14.8%), Fluid collection 17(6%), and Others 57case(20%). The same results of the two were 130patients(45.8%). 30patients(10.6%) of normal finding in SBS were diagnosed as wall thickening+lymphadenopathy and IBD in CT, and 15patients(5.3%) of normal finding in CT were diagnosed as ischemia+ileocolitis+vasculitis, mass and IBD in SBS(p<0.05). Transit time delay was diagnosed in 10patients(3.5%) on only SBS, wall thickening+lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in 20patients(7%) in only CT(p<0.05). Conclusion : We think that proper examination method will be selected in the small bowel disease, if we understand the characteristics of the disease and method.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.214-219
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• 1991

To clarify the relationship between ambient water temperature and heading characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.), twelve of varieties rice were grown in a cold tolerance screening field where water temperature was controlled by continuous cold water irrigation system to test the cold tolerance of rice. When cold water was continuously irrigated with 5 cm of water depth, the water had stagnated for about three hours, and the water temperature increased gradually from inlet toward outlet in the experimental plot. The fluctuation of water temperature was well synchronized with that of ambient air temperature, and the water temperature near outlet became higher than the air temperature at the vegetative phase, while became lower at the reproductive phase of rice plant community. The leaf development rates on main culm increased by increased water temperature. The rice varities, Fukuhikari, Sangpungbyeo and YR3486-16-2 were more sensitive than the others in the response of leaf development to water temperature. However, Janack and Milyang 42 were comparatively less sensitive to water temperature in leaf development. Janack and Paro -white rices required longer days to develop one leaf on main culm at reproductive phase than at vegetative phase. Varietal difference in days required to develop one leaf on main culm of rice plant was more distinctive at the reproductive phase when water temperature was relatively lower than at the vegetative phase with relatively higher water temperature condition. No difference was found between the growth phases, vegetative and reproductive, in the response of average leaf developmental rates to water temperature under the similar air temperature condition. The estimated average days required to develop one leaf on main culm decreased by 1.3 day by 1$^{\circ}C$ increase in water temperature. Varietal differences in the total number of leaves on main culm depended upon the water temperature, in which the varieties such as Fukuhikari, Gwangmyeon-gbyeo, China 988, and YR3486-16-2 showed increased one leaf by increased water temperature, while Sobaekbyeo, Paro-white, Sangpungbyeo, Pungsanbyeo, Samgangbyeo, and Milyang 42 were kept at the same leaf number regardless of water temperature. However, the total leaf number on main culm and days to heading of Janack increased by increased water temperature. The other varieties showed the shortened days to heading by the increase in water temperature with noticeable varietal differences regardless of the variation in the total number of leaves on main culm.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.2 s.113
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• pp.212-226
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• 2006

Surface data generally represent continuous distribution of geographical or social phenomena of a region in urban analysis. Instances include distribution of temperature, population of region, and various distributions related to human activities. When spatial data are given in the form of surface, surface comparison is required as a way of comprehending the surface change or the relationship between two surfaces. As for previous approaches of surface comparison, there are visualization, quantitative methods and qualitative method. All those approaches, however, show the difference between two surfaces in a limited way. Especially, they are not able to distinguish spatial difference between two surfaces. To overcome such problem, this paper proposes a method of comparing two surfaces in terms of their spatial structure. Main concept of the method comes from earth moving problem and the method is named minimum surface transformation, here. When a surface is transformed into another, total surface volume moved in the process of transformation should be the minimum. Both quantitative and spatial differences between two surfaces are evaluted by total surface volume moved and the distribution of moved surface volume of each cell respectively. The method is applied to hypothetical and actual data. From the former, it is understood that the method explains how two surfaces are quantitatively and spatially different. The result of the latter shows that moved total surface volume decreases as time goes by which fits the actual situation that population change rate gets smaller. Concerning the other measure of surface difference, the distribution of $X_{ij}$ describes detailed flow of surface volume than that of simply subtracting surface volume by indicating to what direction the population change occurs.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 2007

For effective management of water quality on the southern coast of korea, a three-dimensional eco-hydrodynamic model is used to predict water quality in summer and to estimate the reduction rate in pollutant loads that would be required to restore water quality. Under the current environmental conditions, in particular, pollutant loadings to the study area were very high, chemical oxygen demand (COD) exceeded seawater quality criteria to comply with current legislation, and water quality was in a eutrophic condition. Therefore, we estimated reduction rates of current pollutant loads by modeling. The model reproduced reasonably the flow field and water quality of the study area. If the terrestrial COD, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus loads were reduced by 90%, the water quality criteria of Region A were still not satisfied. However, when the nutrient loads from polluted sediment and land were each reduced by 70% simultaneously, COD and $Chl-{\alpha}$ were restored. When we reduced the input COD and nutrient loads from the Nakdong River by 80%, $Chl-{\alpha}$ and COD of Region B decreased below $10\;{\mu}g\;1^{-1}$ and $2\;mg\;1^{-1}$, respectively. The water quality criteria of Region C were satisfied when we reduced the terrestrial COD and nutrient loads by 70%. Total allowable loadings of COD and inorganic nutrients in each region were determined by multiplying the reduction rates by current pollutant loads. Estimated high reduction rates, although difficult to achieve at the present time under the prevailing environmental conditions, suggest that water pollution is very severe in this study area, and pollutant loads must be reduced within total allowable loads by continuous and long-term management. To achieve the reduction in pollutant loads, sustainable countermeasures are necessary, including the expansion of sewage and wastewater facilities, polluted sediment control and limited land use.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.638-647
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• 2007

In this study, we present the evaluation chart for assessing the applicability of $CO_2$ flooding method to oil reservoirs. The evaluation chart consists of four categories as source availability, miscibility, applicability and injecting method of miscible flooding. The applicability of reservoir and oil in the chart has basic items of the properties such as oil gravity, viscosity, oil saturation, reservoir temperature and permeability, and these are quantitatively graded. Meanwhile, for additional items of $CO_2$ purity, reservoir thickness and formation dip, they are graded as "highmediumlow". In the case of evaluating the injection method of either continuous injection or WAG ($CO_2$), the qualitative decision will be made according to formation dip, vertical permeability, reservoir thickness, etc. The recommended score in the chart was assigned by utilizing 51 oil producing fields which $CO_2$ flooding is successfully being applied. The evaluation chart developed in this work has been applied to the Captain oil producing field located in Scotland as well as to the Onado oil field of Venezuela, which Korean oil companies have participated in. For the Captain field, the reservoir quality in terms of permeability and porosity is considered to be very excellent to flow the oil. The oil in captain field contains heavier component of $C_{21+}$ as 54%. Therefore, this heavy oil could be immiscibly displaced, hence the evaluating result with the basis of immiscible criteria shows that $CO_2$ immiscible flooding in this field could be properly applied. In the case of Onado oil producing field, since the estimated minimum miscibility pressure is lower than the reservoir pressure, it was assessed that the Onado field would be efficiently conducted for $CO_2$ miscible flooding.