• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2019

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to confirm that the difference in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) during exercise of the spending the same calories between the continuous and interval exercise. [Methods] Thirty-four healthy college students who did not regularly exercise volunteered to participate in our study. Continuous exercise was performed on an ergometer for 30 min at 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO_{2 max}). Interval exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer at 80% VO_{2 max} for 2 min initially, followed by 40% VO_{2 max} for 1 min, and 80% VO_{2 max} for 3 min. This was repeated six times for a total of 26 min. [Results] The major findings were as follows: (1) energy consumption during exercise was not significantly different between continuous exercise and interval exercise groups; (2) EPOC was higher in interval exercise than in continuous exercise for all dependent variables (i.e., total oxygen consumption, total calories, summation of heart rate); and (3) there were no significant differences in the lipid profile between continuous and interval groups. [Conclusions] Our study confirmed that after equalizing energy expenditure for continuous and interval exercise on a cycle ergometer in subjects in their twenties, interval exercise results in higher EPOC than continuous exercise. These data suggest that interval exercise may be more effective than continuous exercise in reducing body fat, for a given amount of energy expenditure.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2006

Prolonged immobilization leads to significant weakness and atrophy of the skeletal muscle and can also impair the recovery of muscle strength following injury. Therefore, it is important to minimize the period under immobilization and accelerate the return to normal activity. This study examined the effects of combined heat treatment and rest-inserted exercise on the muscle activity of the lower limb during knee flexion/extension. Twelve healthy subjects were assigned to 4 groups that included: (1) heat treatment + rest-inserted exercise; (2) heat treatment + continuous exercise; (3) no heat treatment + rest-inserted exercise; and (4) no heat treatment + continuous exercise. Heat treatment was applied for 15 mins prior to exercise. Continuous exercise groups performed knee flexion/extension at 0.5 Hz for 300 cycles without rest whereas rest-inserted exercise groups performed the same exercise but with 2 mins rest inserted every 60 cycles of continuous exercise. Changes in the rectus femoris and hamstring muscle activities were assessed at 0 and 2 weeks of treatment by measuring the electromyography signals of isokinetic maximum voluntary contraction. Significant increases in both the rectus femoris and hamstring muscles were observed after only 2 weeks of treatment when both heat treatment and rest-inserted exercise were performed. These results suggest that combination of various treatment techniques, such as heat treatment and rest-inserted exercise, may accelerate the recovery of muscle strength following injury or immobilization.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.447-459
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the differences between emotional responses and neurotransmitters in moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in 30 low-active women. Both groups performed a designed acute treadmill exercise and repeated the same exercise three times at intervals of one week. MICE performed a 25-minute continuous exercise at 90% VT(ventilation threshold) after a 5-minute warm-up session at 50% VT and then cooled down for 5 minutes at 50% VT level. The HIIE was repeated 6 times for 2 minutes at 115% VT level, and the intermediate active recovery was repeated 4 times for 2 minutes at 85% VT level. The results of the statistical analysis are as follows. MICE was showed positive effect for feeling scale and PACES after exercise in the first experiment, but negative effect in the third experiment. Conversely, HIIE was showed negative effect for feeling scale and PACES after exercise in the first experiment, but positive effect in the third experiment. Neurotransmitters were significantly increased in all three groups after 10 minutes of exercise compared to before exercise. In summary, HIIE exercise may be a strategy to increase exercise compliance for low-active women.

• Journal of Wellness
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.177-186
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to find out how Accumulation of Short Duration exercises influence on expression of apoptosis genes in a mouse skeletal muscle. The subjects, ICR-type mice, were divided into three cohorts, Accumulation of Short Duration exercise group, continuous aerobic exercise group, and control group. Accumulation of Short Duration exercise group performed wheel-running for fifteen minutes respectively in the morning and afternoon three times a week. Continuous exercise group performed wheel-running for thirty minutes three times a week. Both split and continuous groups completed the wheel-running trials for sixteen weeks. To identify the difference of apoptosis expression between groups, the data colleted from the skeletal muscle were analysed by one way ANOVA. Analyses of the data revealed that significant differences of apoptosis concentration in both continuous and Accumulation of Short Duration exercise groups, there was a notable differences were observed in control group.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.10
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• pp.512-517
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• 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is brain damage which is caused by the impact of external mechanical forces. TBI can lead to the temporary or permanent impairment of physical and cognitive abilities, resulting in abnormal behavior. We recently observed that a single session of early exercise in animals with TBI improved their behavioral performance in the absence of other cognitive abnormalities. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of continuous exercise during the early stages of TBI in rats. We found that continuous low-intensity exercise in early-stage improves the locomotion recovery in the TBI of animal models; however, it does not significantly enhance short-term memory capabilities. Moreover, continuous early exercise not only reduces the protein expression of cerebral damage-related markers, such as Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP), Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE), S100β, Protein Gene Products 9.5 (PGP9.5), and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70), but it also decreases the expression of apoptosis-related protein BAX and cleaved caspase 3. Furthermore, exercise training in animals with TBI decreases the microglia activation and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the serum, such as CCL20, IL-13, IL-1α, and IL-1β. These findings thus demonstrate that early exercise therapy for TBI may be an effective strategy in improving physiological function, and that serum protein levels are useful biomarkers for the predicition of the effectiveness of early exercise therapy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.4234-4243
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• 2010

Dementia such as poor concentration, anxiety and tension makes it hard to continue exercise in reality. For this, intermediate exercise is suggested in this study. And the study investigates the effects on senior fitness, cognitive function(MMSE-K) and daily living activity(ADL) by continuous exercise and intermittent exercise, which helps to provide proper exercise treatment to them. For this, female elderly patients at A dementia hospital in B Metropolitan city are selected and they have been diagnosed with possible Alzheimer's disease according to DSM-IV. Among them, six(6) are grouped for continuous exercise and five(5) for intermediate exercise, total 11 people are finally tested. They are given hand&foot exercise, Korean folk dance and band exercise three times a week for the total 12 weeks. The continuous exercise group does their exercise one time of 30 minutes a day while the intermediate exercise group for three times of each 10 minute a day. For the result, SPSS Ver. 18.0 is used to get mean value(M) and standard deviation(SD) and in order to verify the interaction effect between exercise group and time, two-way repeated ANOVA is applied and statistical significance level is set at .05. The result shows that there is significant difference in time between senior fitness and cognitive function. But there is no significant difference in group and time${\times}$group. And there is no significant difference in time, group and time${\times}$group for daily living activity. Continuous exercise group and intermediate exercise group both have the similar effects. That does not mean that intermediate exercise is the best for all people with dementia, but in terms of exercise time, intermittent exercise may be effective for patients of light dementia.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.415-420
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• 1999

Objectives: We investigated the effects of changes in obesity and life style factors, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and exercise, on the changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol among Korean men. Methods: This study included 7,205 healthy male employees in the steel manufacturing industry. Each subject underwent health examination in 1994 and was re-examined in 1997. The study subjects were classified into four categories, according to changes in body mass index (BMI) (loss; stable; mild gain: severe gain), cigarette smoking (quitter; nor-smoker; smoker continued; smoker started), alcohol drinking (quitter; non-drinker; drinker continued; drinker started) and exercise (more exercise; continuous regular exercise; continuous irregular or no exercise; less exercise), respectively. We evaluated the relationship between the categories of change in those independent variables and the changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol, adjusted for BMI in 1994 and age by analysis of variance. Results: The change in systolic blood pressure was positively associated with the changes in BMI (p<0.001) and drinking (p=0,001), but negatively with smoking (p=0,004), compared to the first category of each independent variables. The systolic blood pressure was significantly less increased in the continuous smoking group than quitter or hon-smoker. The changes in diastolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol appeared to have statistically significant linear relationships only with the change in BMI. The change in exercise showed a marginal significance with diastolic blood pressure (p=0.088). Conclusions: These prospective data emphasize the importance of obesity as a determinant of the changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol. In addition, the changes in smoking and drinking habits can affect systolic blood pressure.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of virtual reality-based continuous slow exercise on muscle strength and dynamic balance capacity, in older adults over 65 years of age. Methods: Twenty-six volunteers were randomly divided into two groups; a Virtual Reality (VR) exercise-group ($67.8{\pm}4.1$ yrs) and a Control group ($65.5{\pm}5.2$ yrs). The VR group participated in eight weeks of virtual reality exercise, utilizing modified Tai-Chi provided by a motion capture system, and the Control group had no intervention. The hip muscle strength and dynamic balance of the members of both the VR group and the Control group were measured at pre- and post-intervention, using a multimodal dynamometer, and backward stepping test, respectively. Results: 1. After the 8-week VR-based exercise, the VR group showed significant improvement of hip strength, compared to the control group: hip extension (p=0.00), flexion (p=0.00), abduction (p=0.00), and adduction (p=0.00). 2. After the 8-week VR-based exercise, the VR group showed significant improvement of dynamic balance capacity as ground reaction force, compared to the control group. Eyes opened backward stepping test: Fx (+) (p=0.00), Fy (-) (p=0.02), Ver (+) (p=0.02) direction. Eyes closed backward stepping test: Fx (+) (p=0.04), Fy (-) (p=0.04), Ver (+) (p=0.03) direction. Conclusion: The VR group showed improvement of their hip muscle strength, and dynamic balance capacity. Therefore VR-based continuous slow exercise would contribute to reducing the risk of falls in the elderly.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.163-169
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to verify exercise effect of horse riding exercise according to estimate basal physical fitness and activities of daily living(ADL) function in the aged. Participants were nineteen peoples who have no impediment of activity. They performed horse riding exercise using SRider(Neipplus, Co., Korea) at sixty minutes a day. Exercise has progressed three days a week for eight weeks. We measured trunk flexion, sit up, whole body reaction, leg strength and maximal oxygen uptake as basal physical fitness. Also three meter gait, single stance with eyes opened and single stance with eyes closed as ADL function were estimated once a month. The result of legs strength and whole body reaction showed the higher significantly than before the exercise. Moreover, the result of three meter walking ability only increased significantly among the ADL function. This means that horse riding exercise might be activated continuous muscular contraction with maintained tonus of muscle. We thought that continuous movement of horse riding could be lead to isometric muscle contraction in lower limbs. Our study found that horse riding exercise could improve lower strengths and muscle reaction for exercise effect. Also we suggested that horse riding exercise could be adapted to exercise methods that could provide rehabilitation and treatment enough for the aged or disabled person.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.22-27
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• 2019

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) between different types of exercises in women with normal weight obesity (NWO). [Methods] Nine university students with NWO having body mass index <25 kg/m² and body fat percentage >30% participated in the study. First, continuous exercise (CEx) on an ergometer for 30 minutes at 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max) and interval exercise (IEx) at 80% VO_2max for 2 minutes were performed. This was followed by exercise performed at 40% VO_2max for 1 minute and at 80% VO_2max for 3 minutes, performed 6 times repeatedly for a total of 26 minutes. The accumulation of short duration exercise (AEx) was performed for 3-bouts of 10 minutes each at 60% VO_2max. [Results] The major findings were as follows: energy consumption during the exercises showed no significant difference between CEx, IEx, and AEx; EPOC was higher in IEx and AEx as compared to CEx for all dependent variables (e.g. total oxygen consumption, total calorie, summation of heart rate, and EPOC duration); and the lipid profile showed no significant difference. [Conclusions] Our study confirmed that when homogenizing the energy expenditure for various exercises in NWO individuals, EPOC was higher in IEx and AEx than in CEx. Therefore, IEx and AEx can be considered as effective exercise methods for increasing energy expenditure in NWO females.