• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.5-15
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• 1973

An investigation was carried out on a basis of the bacteriological examination with a view to detecting the degree of bacterial contamination for the 77 samples collected from the locally-sold liquid specialties. It's test period was 50 days from July 10 to August 30, 1971. Specially, the survey has put emphasis on the population of general bacteria and the identification of coli-form group, staphylococcus species, streptococcus species, bacillus species, fungi, and yeast species from liquid samples. The results obtained are summarized as follows; (1) For the 77 samples tested, the contamination of general bacteria was found out as minimun 0, i,e., maximum, $12{\times}10^4$ and the total average $45{\times}10^2$ per milliliter. (2) Although streptococcus species could not be detected with the samples, the contamination of the coli-form and staphylococcus species means the strong suggestion of the possibility of pathogenic bacterial contamination. (3) Specially, the products which stay in the neutral pH range and use suspending agents need to care for the microbial contamination in the manufacturing crocess. (4) It is thought necessary to perform the microbiological quality control in the liquid preparations only at least. (5) As the microbial contamination degree in the liquid decreases according to the elapse of time, the microbiological quality control will have to be carried out immediately after the completion of the manufacturing process in order to know the accurate degree. (6) The author thinks that the main reason of the microbial contamination in the liquid is the contamination during the manufacturing process. (7) For the purpose of prevention of the microbial contamination in liquid, therefore, it is more important to make efforts for the rationalization of manufacturing process, the improvement of equipment and environment, the specific training of workers for hygienic knowledges, etc. rather than the use of preservatives for the preparations.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.113-138
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• 2003

With it being inevitable to change the method of supervising as it is reorganized to EEZ coming out of the old concept of contamination in Korean area of the sea, it costs a lot to have good enough systems of total control for sea contamination and prevention of contamination as well as the effective marine superintendence because the governing bodies such as Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, National Maritime Police Agency, and Authorities of Guiding Ships for Fishery, have their own source of laws and different ways to execute. In order to change such a wrong method of marine superintendence, it is necessary to conduct the merger and abolition of similar authorities with similar functions into authorities which are light but can be expected to play a major role, and to open the high-costing low-efficient organizations to make them remodel to be reborn as economical bodies. In addition to that, the maritime authorities, which are falling to incapable organizations not being able to work out any complicated tasks, have to be reborn as preventing bodies which take care of security and public peace and cut off a pollution source from sea and land.

• 한국디지털건축인테리어학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2011

This research proposed the space planing methode and diagrams of restaurant kitchens to improve hygiene by analyzing the related contents collected from books and researches in interior design and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point). HACCP is an effective and scientific hygiene system for food safety in order to prevent cross-contamination from food hazards. Based on the analyses, improvement of food production environments like restaurant kitchens is necessary for food hygiene. The space planing methode of restaurant kitchens to improve hygiene are followings: The circulation planing is that the direction of movement of the food, workers, waste, and dishes should be fractionated and managed for cross-contamination prevention. The space separation planing is that the spaces in the kitchen should be classified and divided into contaminated area and non-contaminated and clean area depending on the degree of cleanliness. The zoning is space arrangement with feed-back process to check the possible points of cross-contamination and correct space arrangement until the possibility of cross-contamination disappear in kitchen. However, if cross-contamination is unavoidable in some points in restaurant kitchens, hygiene facilities such as washing rooms, pass rooms, and double doors with air-shower should be located in order to remove contamination.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

휴 폐금속광산지역 오염방지에 관한 1990년대 중반 이후의 정부 정책과 추진 사업을 법 제도, 기술 개발, 예산의 확보 및 배분에 관하여 분석 평가하였다. 국내의 법 제도는 2005년 제정된 $\ulcorner$광산피해의 방지 및 복구에 관한 법률$\lrcorner$ 로 관련부처별 책임과 역할이 구분되었으며, 토양오염을 포함한 광해방지 및 복구에 관한 국가의 계획과 이를 이행하기 위한 국가의 전담기관, 토양오염을 조사하고 모니터링하는 체계, 그리고 광해방지사업을 시행하기 위한 광해방지사업금을 위한 토대가 마련되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 효율적인 휴 폐금속광산지역의 관리 및 복원을 위한 문제점은 상존하고 있다. 이에 관련된 미국, 영국, 네덜란드 등 외국의 법 제도를 비교할 때, 다음과 같은 정책 추진을 제안한다. 첫째, 휴 폐금속광산지역의 오염 책임에 관한 정부와 이 지역의 소유자, 오염자 등의 책임 배분체계 (책임의 배분방법, 광산개발에 의한 토양오염 등의 발생시기에 따른 무과질책임의 적용방법 등) 마련이다. 둘째, 오염에 영향을 받는 인근 지역 주민들의 의사가 존중되고 반영될 수 있도록 지역주민의 참여가 활성화되는 제도적 장치의 마련이다. 셋째, 지역에 관련된 정보들이 체계적으로 일반에게 공개되는 Web-GIS 기반 정보처리체계가 구축되어야 한다. 넷째, 광산지역의 특이성에 바탕을 두어 인체 및 환경 위해성을 고려한 오염지역의 위해성 평가의 마련과 복원이다. 다섯째, 오염원 제거와 오염된 토양 및 광산배수 등 오염지역을 정화하기 위한 적정 예산이 마련되고 배분되어야 한다. 여섯째, 휴 폐금속광산지역의 지역적인 특성을 고려하여 복원을 효율적으로 수행하기 위한 기술이 지속적으로 개발되고, 연구 개발된 새로운 기술이 현장에서 적용되기 위한 인센티브 제도가 마련되어야 한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.178-185
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• 2014

Purpose: Blood culture is the most important tool for detecting bacteremia in children with fever. However, blood culture contamination rates range from 0.6% to 6.0% in adults; rates for young children have been considered higher than these, although data are limited, especially in Korea. This study determined the contamination rate and risk factors in pediatric patients visiting the emergency room (ER) or being admitted to the ward. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of blood cultures obtained from children who visited Yonsei Severance Hospital, Korea between 2006 and 2010. Positive blood cultures were labeled as true bacteremia or contamination according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network definitions for laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection, after exclusion of cultures drawn from preexisting central lines only. Results: Among 40,542 blood cultures, 610 were positive, of which 479 were contaminations and 131 were true bacteremia (overall contamination rate, 1.18%). The contamination rate in the ER was significantly higher than in the ward (1.32% vs. 0.66%, P<0.001). The rate was higher in younger children (2.07%, 0.94%, and 0.61% in children aged <1 year, 1-6 years, and >6 years, respectively). Conclusion: Overall, contamination rates were higher in younger children than in older children, given the difficulty of performing blood sampling in younger children. The contamination rates from the ER were higher than those from the ward, not accounted for only by overcrowding and lack of experience among personnel collecting samples. Further study to investigate other factors affecting contamination should be required.

• 한국기계연구소 소보
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• 통권19호
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• pp.31-42
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• 1989

To investigate design factors of dilution ventilation system, numerical analysis of air contamination flow and concentration distribution have been made, by using the low Reynolds number turbulent model. And flow visualization and measurement of particle concentration for that model also have been made. By comparing of these results we have secured the essential data for the adequate counterplan of dilution ventilation system. The results of this study are as follows: 1) Inlet should be located near the wall for the prevention of the formation of the recircula¬tion zone. 2) In case of natural exhaust, air contamination flow is driven to the far outlet from the inlet. 3) It is favorable for dilution to make turbuence as much as possible.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe the degree of mask contamination in dental hygienist for general and oral bacteria and to identify areas of mask contamination after treatment. Methods: Masks were collected with every fifty dental hygienists who currently working in the department of preventive dentistry, prosthodontics, and orthodontics in Busan. The mask bacteria were collected in specific upper and side parts of the mask. Hand germs were collected using sterile cotton swabs, and then placed in a sterile conical tube. These were transferred to the laboratory. Hand germs and mask bacteria were incubated with nutrient broth (NB) and brain heart infusion broth (BHI) for 24 hrs and each cultured with NB and BHI plate at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 hrs. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS Window 20. Results: The number of bacteria was observed in the order of the department of preventive dentistry ($10.1{\times}10^5CFU/ml$), prosthodontics ($14.7{\times}10^5CFU/ml$), and orthodontics ($23.3{\times}10^5CFU/ml$) in the hand. In general bacteria, the difference of contamination was seen by the parts of the mask, but there was no significant difference. However, the oral bacteria were observed highly contaminated upper part of the mask in preventive dentistry. The mask contamination according to the medical departments was observed. Especially, the contamination of mask in preventive dentistry was significantly higher than other departments in oral bacteria. Conclusion: This study suggested that correct mask replacement and recognition of contamination areas can contribute to the prevention of infectious disease. and it would be necessary to increase hand hygiene performance to prevent cross-infection with masks. Also, this study may give an idea for making guidelines for mask management and supporting to establish clear criteria for the education program of personal protective equipment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2625-2628
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• 2012

Introduction: Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in cereals due to fungal infection. This study was conducted to determine FB1 contamination of rice and corn samples and its relationship with the rate of esophageal cancer (EC) in a high risk area in northeastern Iran. Methods: In total, 66 rice and 66 corn samples were collected from 22 geographical subdivisions of Golestan province of Iran. The levels of FB1 were measured for each subdivision by thin layer and high pressure liquid chromatographies. The mean level of FB1 and the proportions of FB1 contaminated samples were compared between low and high EC-risk areas of the province. Results: The mean of FB1 levels in corn and rice samples were 223.64 and 21.59 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively. FB1 contamination was found in 50% and 40.9% of corn and rice samples, respectively. FB1 level was significantly higher in rice samples obtained from high EC-risk area (43.8 ${\mu}g/g$) than those obtained from low risk area (8.93 ${\mu}g/g$) (p-value=0.01). The proportion of FB1 contaminated rice samples was also significantly greater in high (75%) than low (21.4%) EC-risk areas (p-value=0.02). Conclusion: We found high levels of FB1 contamination in corn and rice samples from Golestan province of Iran, with a significant positive relationship between FB1 contamination in rice and the risk of EC. Therefore, fumonisin contamination in commonly used staple foods, especially rice, may be considered as a potential risk factor for EC in this high risk region.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.141-153
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• 2018

연구목적 : 본 연구 대상부지는 1973년에 해안매립이 완료되어 30여 년 동안 선박 수선업 등의 사업활동이 진행되어 왔다. 연구방법 : 2013년에 실시한 토양정밀조사결과, 대상부지의 오염면적은 $10,000m^2$, 오염심도는 GL(-) 3.0 m의 고농도 TPH로 유류오염이 확인되었고, 시간경과에 따라 오염범위가 확산되고 있었다. 연구결과 : 정제된 석유제품에 의한 토양오염은 종종 생태계와 인간의 건강에 해로운 영향을 미치기 때문에 신속한 정화가 이루어져야 한다. 결론 : 따라서 고농도의 TPH로 오염된 대상 부지에 대하여 수리지질학적 조사를 통해 지하수유동과 오염의 확산방향을 평가함으로써 잠정적인 오염원인자를 추정할 수 있다.

• 대한간호
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• 제18권5호통권103호
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• pp.73-83
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• 1979

This study was intended to provide fundamental data for some help of effective nursery management and for the prevention of hospital infection of infants by testing the contamination level of nursery room. The nursery room of the E. University Hospital wa