• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.161-162
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• 2020

In this study, as part of securing related data, water droplets were dropped on the upper part of the wooden board for flooring in an environment such as floor heating, and the degree of absorption according to the surface temperature change was tested. The test results showed that the contact angle of the surface was low (25℃→40℃) or the droplet was absorbed into the small plate and disappeared. The contact angle of the OSB and MDF was decreased within 30 minutes, but the surface water droplet was maintained longer than the plywood. This is because the surface is coated with hydrophobicity unlike the plywood, but moisture absorption in the cross section after the second processing will not be prevented and it will lead to defect occurrence problem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.19-30
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• 2002

The stability of slope using root-pile like to the reinforcements is affected by the interaction behavior mechanism of soil-reinforcements. Through the studying on the interaction in joint of its, therefore, the control roles can be find out in installed slope. In study, the stress level ratio based on the insert angle of installed reinforcements in soil used to numerical analysis, which was results from the duty direct shear test in Lab. The maximum shear strain variation on the reinforcements was observed at insert angle, which was approximately similar to the calculated angle based on the equation proposed by the Jewell. The elasto-plastic joint model on the contact area of soil-reinforcements was presumed, the reinforced soil assumed non-linear elastic model and the reinforcements supposed elastic model, respectively. The finite element analysis of assumed models was performed. The shear strain variation of non-reinforced state obtained by the FEM analysis including elasto-plastic joint elements were shown the rationality of general limit equilibrium analysis for the slope failure mode on driving zone and resistance zone, which based on the stress level step according to failure ratio. Through the variation of shear strain for the variation of inserting angle of reinforcements, the different mechanism on the bending and the shear resistance of reinforcements was shown fair possibility.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.285-295
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• 2016

A contact strip shape of a high speed train pantograph system was optimized with CFD to increase the aerodynamic performance and stability of contact force, and the results were validated by a wind tunnel test. For design of the optimal contact strip shape, a Kriging model and genetic algorithm were used to ensure the global search of the optimal point and reduce the computational cost. To enhance the performance and robustness of the contact strip for high speed pantograph, the drag coefficient and the fluctuation of the lift coefficient along the angle of attack were selected as design objectives. Aerodynamic forces were measured by a load cell and HWA (Hot Wire Anemometer) was used to measure the Strouhal number of wake flow. PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) was adopted to visualize the flow fields. The optimized contact strip shape was shown a lower drag with smaller fluctuation of vertical lift force than the general shaped contact strip. And the acoustic noise source strength of the optimized contact strip was also reduced. Finally, the reduction amount of drag and noise was assessed when the optimized contact strip was applied to three dimensional pantograph system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.151-161
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrophilic finish for polyester (PET) fabric and hydrophobic finish for cotton fabric on the water transport and comfort properties. Polyester fabric was treated with 10% sodium hydroxide solution to impart hydrophilicity. Cotton fabric was sprayed with Scotch-gard$^{(R)}$ water and oil repellent finish to impart hydrophobicity. Porosity, air permeability, contact angle, wickability and water vapor transport rate (WVTR) were measured to determine the water transport properties of fabrics. To compare the comfort properties of treated and untreated fabrics, wear test was performed by putting fabric patches on the upper back: stratum corneum water content (SCWC), subjective wettedness and comfort rating were determined. The results were as follows: (1) The contact angle of water on treated polyester fabric was decreased and that of treated cotton fabric was increased. Also, the wickability of treated polyester fabric was increased and the wickability of cotton fabric was decreased. (2) Although each finish did not change porosity, the water vapor transport rate of treated polyester fabric was increased and that of treated cotton fabric was decreased slightly. (3) The results of stratum corneum water content measurements showed good agreement with the results of the contact angle and the wickability, i.e., the better the liquid water transport properties are, the less the stratum corneum water contents were resulted. (4) The realtionship of subjective wettedness or comfort and stratum corneum water content was independent. Therefore, it was concluded that human perception on the subjective wettedness or the comfort is affected by the skin contact of wet fabric rather than by the stratum corneum water content.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength of luting cements used with implant retained restorations on to titanium specimens after different surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred twenty disc shaped specimens were used. They were divided into three groups considering the surface treatments (no treatment, sandblasting, and oxygen plasma treatment). Water contact angle of specimens were determined. The specimens were further divided into four subgroups (n=10) according to applied cement types: polycarboxylate cement (Adhesor Carbofine-AC), temporary zinc oxide free cement (Temporary CementZOC), non eugenol provisional cement for implant retained prosthesis (Premier Implant Cement-PI), and non eugenol acrylic-urethane polymer based provisional cement for implant luting (Cem Implant Cement-CI). Shear bond strength values were evaluated. Two-way ANOVA test and Regression analysis were used to statistical analyze the results. RESULTS. Overall shear bond strength values of luting cements defined in sandblasting groups were considerably higher than other surfaces (P<.05). The cements can be ranked as AC > CI > PI > ZOC according to shear bond strength values for all surface treatment groups (P<.05). Water contact angles of surface treatments (control, sandblasting, and plasma treatment group) were 76.17° ± 3.99, 110.45° ± 1.41, and 73.80° ± 4.79, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that correlation between the contact angle of different surfaces and shear bond strength was not strong (P>.05). CONCLUSION. The retentive strength findings of all luting cements were higher in sandblasting and oxygen plasma groups than in control groups. Oxygen plasma treatment can improve the adhesion ability of titanium surfaces without any mechanical damage to titanium structure.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the adhesion of Candida albicans according to build angle in 3D printing denture base resin. Methods: The 3D printing was performed by setting the build angle of the disk type specimen designed by CAD program at 0 degree, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees. Surface roughness was measured using a non-contact 3D microsurface profiler. The specimens were incubated in Candida albicans suspension for 24 hours. The attached Candida albicans were detached by cell scraper. The suspension of detached C. albicans was serially diluted and plated on Trypticase soy broth. After 48 hours of incubation, total colony forming unit was counted. Results: There was no significant difference in surface roughness(Sa) between the test groups, but the interlayer boundary was observed. There was no statistically significant difference in total colony forming units of Candida albicans between the test groups. Conclusion: There was no difference in the average surface roughness and adhesion of Candida albicans between the specimens. It is considered that the setting of the build angle should be set considering the accuracy or strength rather than the roughness of the surface.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.354-361
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• 2008

Cold rolled steel sheet for automotive was treated by Ar/$O_2$ atmospheric pressure plasma to improve the adhesive bonding strength. Through the contact angle test and calculation of surface free energy for cold rolled steel sheet, the changes of surface properties were investigated before and after plasma treatment. The contact angle was decreased and surface free energy was increased after plasma treatment. And the change of surface roughness and morphology were observed by AFM(Atomic Force Microscope). The surface roughness of steel sheet was slightly changed. Based on Taguchi method, single lap shear test was performed to investigate the effect of experimental parameter such as plasma power, treatment time and flow rate of $O_2$ gas. Results shows that the bonding strength of steel sheet treated in Ar/$O_2$ atmospheric pressure plasma was improved about 20% compared with untreated sheet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.157-160
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• 2005

The surface energies and acid-base interaction between the untreated and treated Jute or Hemp fibers and different matrix compositions of polypropylene-maleic anhydride polypropylene copolymers (PP-MAPP) were investigated using dynamic contact angle measurement. The contribution of the acid-base property into the interfacial adhesion of the natural fibers/matrix systems were characterized by calculating the work adhesion coming from the acid-base interaction. On the other hand, microfailure mechanism of both single Jute and Hemp fiber bundles were investigated using the combination of single fiber tensile test and acoustic emission. Distinctly different micro failure modes of the different natural fiber/polypropylene systems wet ε observed using optical microscope and determined indirectly by AE and their FFT analysis.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2014

The biogas holder is composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane which are subject to outdoor exposure and gas exposure respectively. The influence of weathering conditions on the photo-degradation of a biogas holder was investigated. Tests were performed under three different methods - outdoor exposure tests (Seosan, Arizona), accelerated tests (Xenon-are lamp) with the outer-membrane of biogas. Moreover, the changes in the aging process were monitored using color difference, gloss, the contact angle and an optical microscope. Changes in physical properties, such as decrease reduction in gloss, decrease in the contact angle, increase in color difference were observed in the aging process. The comparison between membrane 3B, 4B and membrane 5B under xenon-arc were discussed. Membrane 5B was very sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) ray. There were many difficulties in the outdoor exposure test due to acid rain, dust, and stain resistance.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.351-359
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• 2019

In this study, the calcium hydroxide, an inherent product of cement hydration, was treated using biomimetic carbonation method of incorporating stearic acid to generate the hydrophobic calcium carbonate on concrete surface. Carbonation reaction was carried out at various $CO_2$ pressure and temperatures and utilizing the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), chloride-ion penetration test apparatus, and compression test machine to investigate the hydrophobicity, durability, and mechanical properties of the synthesized products. Experimental results indicate that the calcium stearate may change the surface property of concrete from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity. Increasing reaction temperature can change the particles from irregular shapes to needle-rod structures with increased shear stress and thus favorable to hydrophobicity and microhardness. The contact angle against water for the concrete surface was found to increase with increasing $CO_2$ pressure and temperature, and reached to an optimum value at around $90^{\circ}C$. The maximum static water contact angle of 128.7 degree was obtained at the $CO_2$ pressure of 2 atm and temperature of $90^{\circ}C$. It was also found that biomimetic carbonation increased the permeability, acid resistance and chloride-ion permeability of the concrete material. These unique results demonstrate that the needle-rod structures of $CaCO_3$ synthetized on concrete surface could enhance hydrophobicity, durability, and mechanical properties of concrete.