• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.125-137
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• 2013

This study investigated the conceptual constructs of ethical consumption beliefs and their impacts on the consumer attitudes toward eco-friendly faux leather apparel goods. The mediating roles of perceived consumer effectiveness and apparel environmental knowledge were examined in this research. A survey was conducted on female consumers between the ages of 20 and 50; subsequently, 300 responses were analyzed. The results of this study were follows: 1) The results of factor analysis and the reliability test on ethical consumption beliefs clearly showed factorial structures that include Social Responsibility, Eco-friendly Consumption, Animal Welfare, and Individual Enhancement. 2) The results of the mean scores of ethical consumption beliefs showed that respondents tended to consider Social Responsibility more important than the other three factors. Ethical consumption beliefs showed a significantly positive influence on consumer attitudes toward eco-friendly faux leather apparel products; in addition, Social Responsibility had the highest effect on product attitudes among the four factors of ethical consumption beliefs. 3) The perceived consumer effectiveness and environmental knowledge of apparel had important medicating roles in the relation-ship between ethical consumption beliefs and attitudes towards eco-friendly faux leather apparel products. This study highlighted a potential marketability of eco-friendly faux leather apparel products and that ethical consumption beliefs, perceived consumer effectiveness, and apparel environmental knowledge should be promoted among consumers to increase favorable attitudes towards these products.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.867-875
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosocial factors influencing dairy product consumption of female university students in Daejeon. The Theory of Planned Behavior provided the basis for this study. As a result of the pilot-study, 18 behavioral beliefs, 8 normative beliefs, and 12 control beliefs were identified. The subjects (n=236) were grouped into a high-consumption group (1 serving/day, n=117) and a low consumption group (< 1 serving/day, n=119). The data were analyzed using t-tests or $\chi$$^2$-tests. Among the general characteristics, there were significant differences in the amount of pocket money spent per month, residence type (p<0.01), weight, frequency of exercise and perceived health status (p<0.05) of the subjects. With respect to the 18 behavioral beliefs, the high consumption group responded less negatively on ‘eating dairy foods would not be convenient’ than the low consumption group (p<0.05). None of the subjective normative items were significantly different between the two groups. However, notable differences were found in regard to the control beliefs (8 out of 12 control beliefs). These included overall control over consuming dairy products (p< 0.001), as well as specific beliefs regarding barriers such as easy spoilage of dairy products, the cost, eating them for snacks and dislike for them (p<0.05). In addition, specific situations, such as ‘when I want them I get them’ (p<0.01), eating out and the availability of dairy foods at home (p<0.05) were significantly different between the two groups. The high consumption group showed more control over these barriers or situations. These results suggest that nutritional education for young female adults should incorporate strategies to increase their perceived control over the consumption of dairy products by removing barriers and including environmental approaches which address the availability issues.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 2018

Cross-border online shopping is an example of non-mobile transnational consumption behavior that has become more popular over the last decade due to the development of technology and transportation. Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action(TRA), this study proposed and tested the hypothesized model that would explain the relationships among consumption beliefs, attitudes toward cross-border online shopping, subjective norms, and purchase intention. Consumption beliefs were measured by global consumption orientation, consumer orientation, and global brand beliefs. In addition, subjective norms included two types: online and offline norms. Descriptive statistics and path analysis were employed for the analysis of the dataset of 174 participants. As a result, the hypothesized model was generally supported. Consistent with the hypothesis, global consumption orientation and global brand beliefs were positively related to positive attitudes toward cross-border online shopping but negatively associated with consumer ethnocentrism. Offline subjective norms positively predicted both the attitudes and purchase intention whereas online subjective norms only predicted purchase intention. The results reflected that TRA was applicable to the intention of cross-border online shopping in a current on-line shopping context. We also discussed the practical applications and limitations of the study.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.73-90
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Meat eaters face conflicts over meat consumption due to recent increasing demands for reduced-meat diets to promote human and environmental health. Attitudes toward consuming meat have been shown to be culture-specific. Thus, this study was performed to examine cultural differences in attitudes, beliefs, and patterns of meat consumption among meat eaters in a group homogeneous in terms of age and sex but with diverse ethnicities. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted in New York City in 2014, 520 female meat eaters (Whites = 25%; Blacks = 20%; East Asians = 35%; Hispanics = 20%) aged 20-29 completed a questionnaire consisting of a series of questions on meat consumption behaviors, which addressed amounts of consumption, cooking methods, past and future changes in meat consumption, and attitudes and beliefs regarding relationships between health and meat consumption. Logistic and multiple regression analyses were used to assess the effects of variables on meat consumption. RESULTS: Blacks had the highest annual total meat consumption (64.2 kg), followed by East Asians (53.6 kg), Whites (46.9 kg), and Hispanics (35.8 kg). Blacks ate significantly more chicken than the other ethnic groups (P < 0.001), and East Asians ate significantly more pork and processed meat (P < 0.001). Regardless of ethnicity, grilling/roasting/broiling were the preferred cooking methods, and vegetables were most consumed as a side dish. More than half of the participants expressed an intention to decrease future meat consumption. East Asians more strongly perceived meat as a festive food (P < 0.001) and were less guilty about the slaughtering animals (P = 0.11) than other groups. No differences were found between the ethnic groups regarding negative attitudes to meat consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that ethnicities differ in terms of attitudes, beliefs, and patterns of meat consumption. Irrespective of ethnicity, the meat-eating participants almost unanimously demonstrated a willingness to reduce future meat consumption. It is hoped these findings aid the formulation of culturally-tailored interventions that effectively reduce meat consumption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.833-839
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate sodium consumption and related psychosocial factors among hypertensive patients and normal adults through questionnaire development. The Theory of Planned Behavior provided the basis for the study. The mean blood pressure of subjects was 117. 1 mmHg/78.55mgHg in normal adults(N-218), 159.65mmHg/102.05mmHg(systolic/diastolic) in hypertensive group(N=219) and the sodium consumption was 5219.4${\pm}$1821.3mg in normal adults and 4631.4${\pm}$1749.1mg in hypertensive group. The results of Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of being hypetensive group were increasd as subjects felt that dalty food (OR=1.5) (OR=0.8). The odds of beign hypertensive group increased as subject received more support. With respect to perceived control, the odds of being hypertensive group were increased as subjects felt more confident in contolling salty intake when spouse likes to take salty food(OR=1.4). In contrast, subjects felt less confident in contolling sodium consumption when they took medicine(OR=0.8). Study findings revealed that all three factors, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control contributed to the model for explaining intentions, with subjective norms being most important. This findings provided the empirical evidence for the TPB in explaining salt intake. This study suggest that educational interventions for hypertension patients focus on changing sodium consumption through changing attitude toward high sodium consumption, subjective norms, perceived control over reducing sodium consumption of specific situations, specially subjective norms and perceived control. In addition, interventions may include strategies to change attitudes toward sodium consumption by helping hypertensive patients realize negative beliefs and modifying positive beliefs and to elicit and maintain subjective norm from doctors, family and neighbors, and to increase control beliefs for reducing sodium consumption.(Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 833-839, 2000)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine beliefs, self-efficacy and eating behaviors by the stages of change in vegetable consumption among college students (n = 297). A survey was conducted to examine study variables, and subjects were categorized into three groups based on the stages of change: precontemplation/contemplation stage (PC/C), preparation stage (P), action/maintenance stage (A/M). Subjects had 3.7 servings of vegetables a day, and vegetable consumption was significantly different by stages of change (p < 0.001). The A/M group showed higher score on beliefs regarding vegetable consumption (p < 0.001) than the other groups, and perceived benefits of vegetable consumption (e.g. cancer prevention) more strongly (p < 0.05). The PC/C group felt more barriers than the A/M group, such as disliking cooking methods, texture of vegetables (p < 0.001), bad taste and bad experience of eating vegetables (p < 0.05). Self-efficacy score was 27.2, with decreasing self-efficacy from A/M to P, PC/C (p < 0.001). The A/M group showed more confidence in nine behaviors such as "eating vegetables during meals" and "replacing menu at home with more vegetable dishes" (p < 0.001) than the other groups. The A/M group had more desirable eating behaviors (e.g, having a variety of foods, eating regularly, consumption of food groups). This study suggests that target population for education and educational strategies be different based on the stages of change. For those in the PC/C stage, education might focus on reducing barriers and increasing self-efficacy. For those in the A/M stage, it is necessary to use strategies to maintain and reinforce behaviors for enough vegetable consumption.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2004

The study purpose was to investigate the factors related to fast food consumption of university students. Factors were identified using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Based on the pilot study, 18 behavioral beliefs, 7 normative beliefs and 19 control beliefs were identified. Data (n = 269) were analyzed using analysis of variance or $X^2$,/TEX> tests. Subjects were categorized into non-users (27.9%), users (42%) and frequent users ( $\geq$ 2 times/week, 30.1%). Regarding behavioral beliefs, users or frequent users responded more positively on advantages of eating fast foods including ‘taste’ (p < 0.001), ‘making me feel full’(p < 0.001), ‘diverse menus’(p < 0.05) than non-users. Compared to users, non-users responded more positively on the item that eating fast foods leads to eat vegetables less (p < 0.05), and negatively on ‘making me eat more salt’(p < 0.05). Most of the referent groups, parents (p < 0.001), sisters/brothers (p < 0.01), relatives (p < 0.01), friends (p < 0.05), boy/girl friends (p < 0.05) were important sources of influence regarding subjects' fast food consumption. Users or frequent users felt less control over factors or situations that make it consume fast foods (9 out of 19 control beliefs). These factors included; availability issues (p < 0.001), ‘not having other foods on hand’(p < 0.01), ‘others eating together like fast foods’, ‘convenience’, ‘social increase in fast food use’, ‘easy to get fast foods anytime’(p < 0.05). In addition, users of fast foods were more likely to eat fast foods when they don't have time, when they do not like to cook, when they feel hungry (p < 0.05). These results suggest that interventions for university students include strategies to moderate fast food use by modifying behavioral beliefs, suggesting alternative menus and behavior modification techniques, increasing perception of control, and eliciting social support.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.517-529
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• 2012

The purpose of the study was to implement and evaluate a nutrition education program for preschool children. Applying the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, the nutrition education program was developed and focused on changing beliefs, increasing nutrition knowledge and consumption of vegetables & fruits (V/F) and dairy foods. Subjects were children attending a childcare center in Seoulwho were grouped into education (n = 33) and control group (n = 32). Education group received four sessions of nutrition education during 2011 fall. Both groups completed the questionnaire at pretest and posttest, measuring nutrition knowledge, beliefs, and preferences of V/F and eating behaviors. Compared to control group, education group made significant gains in total score of nutrition knowledge after the education (p < 0.05). In addition, the pretest-posttest changes in total score of beliefs regarding V/F consumption and eating behaviors were higher in the education group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Two groups were significantly different in the pretest-posttest changes in specific beliefs regarding the benefits of V/F consumption and some eating behavior. However, there were no changes in the preferences of vegetables or fruits between the two groups after the education. The consumption of V/F and dairy foods was not significantly different after the education. This study revealed that nutrition education for preschoolers was effective in improving nutrition knowledge and perceived benefits regarding V/F consumption and specific eating behavior. This study suggested that more intensive education is needed to induce changes in eating behaviors. This program can be used in nutrition education of children at the childcare centers or kindergartens.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine if Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables predict soy milk intake in a sample of WIC participants in 2 Illinois counties (n = 380). A cross-sectional survey was used, which examined soy foods intake, behavioral beliefs, subjective norms, motivation, and intention. Soy product intake was low at both sites, and many participants (40%) did not know that soy milk was WIC approved. Most (> 70%) wanted to comply with their health care providers, but didn't know their opinions about soy milk (50-66%). Intention was significantly correlated with intake (0.507, P ${\leq}$ 0.01; 0.308, P ${\leq}$ 0.05). Environmental beliefs (0.282 and 0.410, P ${\leq}$ 0.01) and expectancy beliefs (0.490 and 0.636, P ${\leq}$ 0.01) were correlated with intention. At site 1, 30% of the variance in intention to consume soy milk was explained by expectancy beliefs and subjective norm beliefs (P < 0.0001); at site 2, 40% of the variance in intention was explained by expectancy beliefs. The TPB variables of expectancy beliefs predicted intention to consume soy milk in WIC participants. Therefore, knowing more about the health benefits of soy and how to cook with soy milk would increase WIC participants' intention to consume soy milk. Positive messages about soy milk from health care providers could influence intake.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.243-257
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• 2010

This study was conducted to search the health food intake behavioral intentions of male workers. The health-related behavior of 150 subjects were compared(smoke, alcohol drink, breakfast, BMI, sleep, exercise and health check). On the basis of the Theory of Planned Behavior, the factors health-food intake behavior were evaluated; there were normative beliefs, motivation for compliance, subjective norms, social influence factors, and barriers as perceived behavior control. The results were showed with five points by the Likert scale and Significance by t-test. The most frequently consumed health food was tea(3.40/4points) followed by healthy drinks(2.49/4). As behavioral beliefs, if consumption of 'nutritional supplements'(3.61/5) and 'fatigue recovery'(3.62/5) received the highest scores. As a result, the idea of 'nutritional supplements'(3.94/5) and 'fatigue recovery'(4.06/5) were the important aspects, but others were also positively evaluated. As a sub-factor of subjective norms on normative beliefs, The highest social groups to encourage consumption of health food were parents (3.93/5), and the lowest were doctors (3.02/5). The most influential people were doctors (3.67/5) and spouses (3.65/5). Barriers to consumption health food were side effects (1.09/5) and price (2.08/5). Taking Ginseng products and other processed foods (juice, honey, bamboo, etc.) were correlated with health concern (p<0.05). Taking traditional stamina foods was correlated with dietary habit recognition (p<0.05). Mineral intake was positively correlated with age. Healthy drinks was negative (p<0.05). Minerals and supplement consumption were correlated with the practice of healthy behavior (p<0.01).