• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.587-596
• /
• 2008

Facility-based competition (FBC) in the telecommunications market is considered to have lower static efficiency in the short term and higher dynamic efficiency in the long term. Under service-based competition (SBC), the entrant can reduce its setup costs by leasing network facilities from the incumbent, which makes the entrant viable, pushes the market price down and promotes static efficiency. This paper attempts to measure static efficiency by comparing the profits of the incumbent and entrant in terms of consumer surplus and social welfare under each competition type by extending the Stackelberg model. The results, assuming a linear demand function and variation in regulatory level, show that FBC results in higher social welfare than SBC on the whole. However, SBC accompanied by strong regulation is also shown to have the potential to be superior over FBC. It is also revealed that FBC exhibits a higher producer surplus (particularly, the incumbent's producer surplus) and is, therefore, more desirable in terms of dynamic efficiency. When the entrant's cost is high in FBC, social welfare is shown to be lowered, implying that cost competitiveness is a necessary condition for social welfare.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.93-127
• /
• 2012

본 논문에서는 전력시장에서 원가 이하로 규제되고 있는 소매요금제도의 문제점을 분석하기 위해 규제된 소매요금 대신 시간별 도매시장가격의 변동을 반영하는 실시간 요금제를 도입할 경우 사회후생에 미치는 영항과 이와 같은 소매요금제도의 변화가 한국전력의 손실 규모를 어느 정도 보전할 수 있는지를 추정한다. 전력거래소의 전력통계정보시스템(EPSIS)과 에너지경제연구원 국가에너지통계종합정보시스템(KESIS), 통계청, 한국은행, 기상청의 2008~2010년 통계자료에 기초하여 실질소매가격, 온도, 가구수, 습도 실질 GDP, 그리고 요일 및 공휴일 더미 등을 설명변수로 이용하여 상대적으로 수요가 많은 여름(6~8월)과 겨울(12~2월)의 최대 부하시간대와 최저 부하시간대의 수요패턴을 분석하였다. 회귀분석을 통해 추정된 선형수요함수와 발전기별 한계비용에 기초하여 산정된 계단식 공급함수를 이용하여 규제된 소매요금이 시장균형가격인 실시간 요금으로 전환될 경우의 사회후생 변화를 살펴본 결과, 여름기간(6~8월)에는 사회후생이 약 674억 원 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 한전손실 총액 중 7,055억 원은 소비자잉여의 이전으로, 나머지 674억 원은 시중손실의 감소로 충당될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 겨울에는 사회후생 증대가 약 2,251억 원에 이르고, 한전의 손실 중 1조 1,743억 원이 소비자잉여의 전가로 보전될 수 있는 것으로 나타나 소매요금의 규제가 사중손실의 발생을 통해 전체 사회후생을 감소시키고, 한전에게 막대한 손실을 초래하고 있다는 결과를 도출하였다.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.69-74
• /
• 1993

The consumer surplus under the open economy is greater than that under the closed economy from the viewpoint of social welfare. This indication has been proved when only the product market is considered. This article is to show how this result is changed if the R&D market as well as the product market is considered. We find the possibility that the closed economy is preferred to the open economy in case of the (international) R&D joint venture.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.30-38
• /
• 2001

The most important task in Korean dairy industry is to keep the seasonal and annual balance of raw milk supply and demand. Too much surplus milk supply which causes dumping sale of market milk makes dairy industries get in trouble of management, and eventually affects to farmers and consumers economically. As balancing of supply and demand is so important in the fee economic market system, the adaption of the quota system of milk production and seasonal price differentiation has been recommended very often as a method of controlling the milk supply and demand. However, this recommendation did not go through successfully due to the strong objection of dairy farmers. Recently, the voice of consumer's requirement for safer and more hygienic, and high protein, low fat level dairy product is getting stronger. By knowledge of this kind changes, quality improvement in nutrients and hygiene is the most positive way to expand the volume of milk consumption. To meet the consumer's demand, therefore, it is necessary to revise the level of milk fat content and the hygienic grading system for the payment system of raw milk.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제43권11호
• /
• pp.957-965
• /
• 2010

국민들의 삶의 질과 직접적으로 연관되어 있는 생활용수의 수요 관리 및 공급을 위한 적절한 투자 등 합리적인 정책을 수립, 시행하기 위해서는 생활용수의 경제적 가치에 관한 정확하고 객관적인 정보가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 수요함수 접근법을 이용하여 16개 시도의 생활용수의 소비자 잉여 및 경제적 가치를 추정하였다. 분석결과, 2009년 전국의 생활용수의 $m^3$당 소비자 잉여와 경제적 가치는 각각 1,180.7원과 1,812.8원으로 추정되었으며 시도별 1,082.7원에서 3,268.6원의 범위를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지역에 상관없이 비가정용수의 경제적 가치가 가정용수의 경제적 가치를 초과하였고, 수돗물의 가격에 비해 생활용수의 경제적 가치는 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 생활용수 공급의 경제적 편익에 대한 정보로 활용될 수 있으며 더 나아가 수도요금 산정의 배경자료로도 참고할 수 있을 것이다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.689-733
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 다수의 교환비율을 가진 이산화황 배출허가권을 거래하기 위한 계획을 평가하였다. 이러한 비율들은 가상의 사회비용 최소화 과정 속에서 배출권자들의 한계 환경규제준수 비용에 기초하여 정해진다. 이러한 계획은 일대일 방식의 배출권거래로 알려진 현존하는 미국 환경국의 거래프로그램과 대조되어 고찰되었으며 두 정책들 모두 동일한 배출총량을 발생시키는 것으로 모형화하였다. 이산화황의 집중도와 건강피해 정도에 더하여 두 정책들 사이에서의 소비자와 생산자 잉여를 알아보기 위해 미국 환경산업에서의 부분균형을 수량화한 모형이 사용되었다. 그 결과 지역오염 수준은 두 정책에 따라 상당히 크게 변화되는 것으로 발견되었다. 다양화된 교환비율들의 구조는 단일비율하에서의 배출권거래보다 산업이익 측면에서는 22억 달러, 그리고 건강피해규모에서는 21억 달러만큼 능가하는 것으로 평가되었으나 소비자 잉여를 67억 달러만큼 감소시키는 것으로 추정되었다. 따라서 기대와는 달리 교환비율들은 25억 달러만큼 총후생을 감소시키는 것으로 추정되었다. 이러한 결과는 실증적인 문제일 수도 있지만 근본적으로는 메커니즘 디자인의 설정에 기인한다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.341-350
• /
• 2023

Purpose - How are gains from trade distributed between countries when economic integration is achieved through free trade? The purpose of this paper is to answer this question. Design/methodology/approach - This study attempts to address the issue of distribution of trade gains between participating countries following economic integration in terms of positive economics. The analysis is therefore based on a theoretical methodology. Findings - First, commodity prices fall and consumer surplus increases in both large and small countries. Second, when economic integration into free trade is achieved, gains from trade always exist in small countries. However, the size of trade gains depends on the degree of difference from the market size of the partner country, the large country. However, the size of the gains from trade depends on the extent of difference between the market size of the large country. If the market size of a large country is much larger and there is a large difference, trade gains will be very large, whereas if the market size is similar, profits of domestic firm will decrease. Therefore, in that case, the size of the gains from trade becomes relatively small because only the gains from exchange exists. On the other hand, in a large country with a large market size, there is a possibility of trade gains only when the market size is similar to that of a small country, which is a trading partner. However, if there is a large difference in market size, the decrease in profits of domestic firm is relatively larger than the increase in consumer surplus due to trade, and rather, a trade loss occurs. Research implications or Originality - Our analysis contributes to filling the gaps in the literature regarding the distribution of gains from trade, and from a policy point of view, it is meaningful in examining the impact of market size, an important variable considered in regional economic integration of countries.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• 제10권5호
• /
• pp.609-616
• /
• 2018

The cargo handling system, which is composed of a fuel gas supply unit and cargo tank pressure control unit, is the second largest power consumer in a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carrier. Because of recent enhancements in ship efficiency, the surplus boil-off gas that remains after supplying fuel gas for ship propulsion must be reliquefied or burned to regulate the cargo tank pressure. A full or partial liquefaction process can be applied to return the surplus gas to the cargo tank. The purpose of this study is to review the current partial liquefaction process for LNG carriers and develop new processes for reducing power consumption using exergy analysis. The developed partial liquefaction process was also compared with the full liquefaction process applicable to a LNG carrier with a varying boil-off gas composition and varying liquefaction amounts. An exergy analysis showed that the Joule-Thomson valve is the key component needed for improvements to the system, and that the proposed system showed an 8% enhancement relative to the current prevailing system. A comparison of the study results with a partial/full liquefaction process showed that power consumption is strongly affected by the returned liquefied amount.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제46권2호
• /
• pp.323-333
• /
• 2019

In Korea, origin labeling is one of the main issues in the food service sector. Many restaurants presented the incorrect or no origin of the food material, and Korean consumers have kept complaining about it. Even though the origin labeling program was welcomed by consumers, the food service sector has claimed that there is an increasing cost due to the origin labeling program. It is an important issue to determine whether the origin labeling program is good for the social welfare; however, the specific effects of the origin labeling program have rarely been measured. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of origin labeling of beef in the Korean food service sector. Through survey and model analyses, a few findings are presented. First, Korean consumers showed a positive willingness-to-pay for the origin labeling of beef. Especially, consumers without information on the origin of the beef showed a larger willingness-to-pay for the origin labeling. Second, the origin labeling of beef changed the price and quantity of beef, and this change became larger when the consumers had no information on the origin of the beef. The change in the marketing margin due to the origin labeling program also affected the changes in the price and quantity of the beef. Third, the origin labeling of beef increased the social welfare, which is the sum of the consumer surplus and producer surplus. And this increase of the social welfare became larger when the consumers had no information about the origin.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2021

Online streaming wars are intensifying. Netflix is known as the market leader in the streaming business. However, since 2019, Netflix has been losing subscribers in the United States and is at a turning point where it needs to reassess its current position in the market. While Netflix is losing dominance, rivals Amazon Prime and Hulu continue to gain market shares. Studies from Deloitte and PricewaterhouseCoopers indicated a new shift in the streaming landscape caused by the abundance of streaming options and rising subscription costs. Recent surveys showed that consumers are excited about new streaming services, such as Disney +. Nearly two-thirds of consumers intend to terminate or downgrade one or more of their current subscriptions to make room for a new service. Moreover, it seems that consumers want ad-supported options. In Deloitte's latest Digital Media Trends survey, 65% responded that they would watch ads to eliminate or reduce subscription costs. Seventy percent of Hulu's subscribers choose its lower-priced ad-supported plan. NBC recently launched its own streaming service, Peacock, with a free ad-supported option. This opposes Netflix's brand identity of "no ads" and premium differentiation. With increasing pressure from competition and the growing risk of subscriber loss, Netflix needs to diversify its price plans. The company could try implementing the lower-priced mobile-only plan they are currently testing or plan to test in other regions. Netflix should also consider features or benefits for loyal subscribers to maintain a stronger consumer base.