• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.6C
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• pp.367-377
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• 2008

As part of study to develop LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) codes for foundation structures in Korea, resistance factors for static bearing capacity of driven steel pipe piles were calibrated in the framework of reliability theory. The 57 data sets of static load tests and soil property tests conducted in the whole domestic area were collected and these load test piles were sorted into two cases: SPT N at pile tip less than 50, SPT N at pile tip equal to or more than 50. The static bearing capacity formula and the Meyerhof method using N values were applied to calculate the expected design bearing capacities of the piles. The resistance bias factors were evaluated for the two static design methods by comparing the representative measured bearing capacities with the expected design values. Reliability analysis was performed by two types of advanced methods: the First Order Reliability Method (FORM), and the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method using resistance bias factor statistics. The target reliability indices are selected as 2.0 and 2.33 for group pile case and 2.5 for single pile case, in consideration of the reliability level of the current design practice, redundancy of pile group, acceptable risk level, construction quality control, and significance of individual structure. Resistance factors of driven steel pipe piles were recommended based on the results derived from the First Order Reliability Method and the Monte Carlo Simulation method.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1C
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• pp.19-29
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• 2008

As a part of study to develop LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) codes for foundation structures in Korea, reliability analyses for driven steel pipe piles are performed and the target reliability indices are selected carefully. The 58 data sets of static load tests and soil property tests conducted in the whole domestic area were collected and analyzed to determine the representative bearing capacities of the piles. The static bearing capacity formula and the Meyerhof method using N values are applied to calculate the expected design bearing capacity of the piles. The resistance bias factors were evaluated for the two static design methods by comparing the representative bearing capacities with the design values. Reliability analysis was performed by two types of advanced methods: First Order Reliability Method (FORM), and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method using resistance bias factor statistics. The static bearing capacity formula exhibited relatively small variation, whereas the Meyerhof method showed relatively high inherent conservatism in the resistance bias factors. Reliability indices for safety factors in the range of 3 to 5 were evaluated respectively as 1.50~2.89 and 1.61~2.72 for both of the static bearing capacity formula and the Meyerhof method. The target reliability indices are selected as 2.0 and 2.33 for group pile case and 2.5 for single pile case, based on the reliability level of the current design practice and considering redundancy of pile group, acceptable risk level, construction quality control, and significance of individual structure.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.107-135
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• 2014

Cham identities which are socially constructed and multilayered, display their markers in a variety of elements, including homeland attachment to the former Kingdom of Champa, religion, language and cultural traditions, to mention a few. However, unlike other contemporary diasporic experience which binds the homeland and the host country, the Cham diaspora in Cambodia has a unique pattern as it seems to have no voice in the political and economic spheres in Vietnam, its homeland. The relations between the Cham in Cambodia and Vietnam seem to be limited to cultural heritages such as Cham musical traditions, traditional clothing, and the architectural heritage. Many Cham people have established networks outside Cambodia with areas of the Muslim world, like Malaysia, Indonesia, southern Thailand and the Middle Eastern countries. Pursuing education or training in Islam as well as working in those countries, especially Malaysia has become a way for the Cham to widen their networks and increase their knowledge of particularly, Islam. Returning to Cambodia, these people become religious teachers or ustadz (Islamic teachers in the pondok [Islamic boarding school]). This has developed slowly, side by side with the formation of their identity as Cham Muslims. Among certain Cham, the absence of an ancient cultural heritage as an identity marker has been replaced by the Islamic culture as the important element of identity. However, being Cham is not a single identity, it is fluid and contested. Many scholars argue that the Cham in Cambodia constitute three groups: the Cham Chvea, Cham, and Cham Bani (Cham Jahed). The so-called Cham Jahed has a unique practice of Islam. Unlike other Cham who pray five times a day, Cham Jahed people pray, once a week, on Fridays. They also have a different ritual for the wedding ceremony which they regard as the authentic tradition of the Cham. Indeed, they consider themselves pure descendants of the Cham in Vietnam; retaining Cham traditions and tending to maintain their relationship with their fellow Cham in Central Vietnam. In terms of language, another marker of identity, the Cham and the Cham Jahed share the same language, but Cham Jahed preserve the written Cham script more often than the Cham. Besides, the Cham Jahed teaches the language to the young generation intensively. This paper, based on fieldwork in Cambodia in 2010 and 2011 will focus on the process of the formation of the Cham identity, especially of those called Cham and Cham Jahed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.785-791
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• 2023

Risk management is essential for preventing accidents arising from uncertainties in TBM tunnel projects, especially concerning managing the risk of TBM tunnel collapse, which can cause extensive damage from the tunnel face to the ground surface. In addition, prioritizing risks is necessary to allocate resources efficiently within time and cost constraints. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a TBM risk database through case studies of TBM accidents and determine a risk priority for TBM tunnel collapse using the Bayes theorem. The database consisted of 87 cases, dealing with three accidents and five geological sources. Applying the Bayes theorem to the database, it was found that fault zones and weak ground significantly increased the probability of tunnel collapse, while the other sources showed low correlations with collapse. Therefore, the risk priority for TBM tunnel collapse, considering geological sources, is as follows: 1) Fault zone, 2) Weak ground, 3) Mixed ground, 4) High in-situ stress, and 5) Expansive ground. In practice, the derived risk priority can serve as a valuable reference for risk management, enhancing the safety and efficiency of TBM construction. It provides guidance for developing appropriate countermeasure plans and allocating resources effectively to mitigate the risk of TBM tunnel collapse.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-40
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in the traffic environments and driving behaviors in 5 regions of Korea. Data were collected through the survey research from 1387 passenger car drivers in 14 locations in Korea. The main findings of this research are as followings: First of all, There were significant differences in traffic environment factors(road topography, construction, road & safety facilities, pedestrian behaviors, surrounding drivers) among 5 regional areas. When we examined drivers factors, there were significant differences among 5 metropolitan areas on wearing seat belt, most of constructions related to drink driving, speed-limit violation. There were many differences in driving habits, intentions, behaviors including wearing seat belt, driving after drinking according to metropolitan area, and also in case of speed-limit violation and careless driving behavior. These results suggested that there are many differences in traffic environments and driver's behaviors among regional areas. These result suggests that traffic safety policy and practice should be prepared based upon the peculiarities of regional area. We discussed these resulte in terms of the regional traffic policy and the suggestions for future studies were added.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2024

With advancements in artificial intelligence technology, intelligent CCTV systems are being deployed across various environments, such as river bridges and construction sites. However, a conflict arises regarding the opening and closing of rooftop access points due to concerns over potential accidents and crime incidents and their role as emergency evacuation spaces. While the relevant law typically mandates the constant opening of designated rooftop access points, closures are often tacitly permitted in practice for security reasons, with a lack of appropriate legal measures. In this context, this study proposes a detection system utilizing intelligent CCTV to respond to emergencies that may occur on rooftops. We develop a system based on the YOLOv5 object detection model to detect assault and suicide attempts by jumping, introducing a new metric to assess them. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system rapidly detects assault and suicide attempts with high accuracy. Additionally, through a legal analysis of rooftop access point management, deficiencies in the legal framework regarding rooftop access and CCTV installation are identified, and improvement measures are proposed. With technological and legal improvements, we believe that crime and accident incidents in rooftop environments will decrease.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.135-154
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• 2024

As the digital transformation accelerates, the demand for professionals with competencies in various digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data is increasing in the industry. In response, the government is developing various educational programs to nurture talent in these emerging technology fields. However, the lack of a clear definition of competencies, which is the foundation of curriculum development and operation, has posed challenges in effectively designing digital technology education programs. This study systematically reviews the definitions and characteristics of competencies presented in prior research based on a literature review. Subsequently, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 experts in emerging technology fields to derive a definition of competencies suitable for technology education programs. This research defines competencies for the development of technology education programs as 'a set of one or more knowledge and skills required to perform effectively at the expected level of a given task.' Additionally, the study identifies the elements of competencies, including knowledge and skills, as well as the principles of competency construction. The definition and characteristics of competencies provided in this study can be utilized to create more systematic and effective educational programs in emerging technology fields and bridge the gap between education and industry practice.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.9
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• pp.93-121
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• 2010

This study is about Yoo Young-kuk's early works which show constructivism, especially focus on his debut painting, for the 7th Dokuritsu Bijutsu Kyokai(獨立美術協會, the Independent Fine Arts Association) in Tokyo in 1937. The work was painted 2 years after he had started his study in Japan in 1935. It was the first painting that applied Constructivism. played an important role for Constructivism to be a leading art in his abstraction. After this picture, Yoo was soon devoted to the principles of Constructivism-- Faktura(material), Tektonika (tectonics), Tekhnika(technique), space, construction-- in his painterly reliefs. This article examined why Yoo concentrated on Constructivism for , what the characteristics were, and what influences were on other works from 1935 to 1949. In addition, I investigated in which period was painted and how Constructivism was spread in 1930s and early 1940s in chapter 2. I scrutinized Rhapsody in chapter 3. When Yoo created Japan was under the Fifteen Years War(1931-1945), and a major discourse was the Japanese Spirit at that time. It was connected with construction of an ideal nation which the Japanese ultra-national fascism pursued. This ideological pursuit was intended to unite the Japanese people for total war system and to restore a national dignity which had been fallen down due to Manchurian Incident(1931). Thus, on the hand, Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai(國際文化振興, The Society for International Cultural Relations) and the Nippon Kosaku Bunka Renmei(日本工作文化連盟, Japanese Werkbund) were supported financially by the Japanese government. On the other hand, the government enacted regulations to opposing parties which would distract Japanese people's unification. As for the Japanese art world, the merge of art groups was carried out through remodeling of Teikoku Bijutsuin(帝國美術院, The Imperial Fine Arts Academy) in 1935. This brought out continuous dispute and disorder. Young artists who felt difficulty of entering an entry of Imperial Fine Arts Exhibition repeatedly grouped and disbanded for small art groups to build their standing, which they pursued Surrealism and Abstract art. Among them Constructivism was considered as the latest trend and was popular in craft, design, architecture as well as fine arts. In the year before he painted , Avant-garde theatres including Constructivism theatre were introduced in a feature article of September, 1936 in Atelier, which was dealing with mainly avant-garde arts. Books related with Constructivism were translated into Japanese, and Gestaltung Education had become active since the publication of A Compendium of Gestaltung Education("構成敎育大系"(1934)), Salvador Dali(1904-1989) was also introduced, so Surrealism was drawn more attention by young artists. reflected popular trends. Yoo analyzed the Japanese avant-gardists' archaic taste in the Independent Art Association that he submitted his painting to. And then he entitled 'Rhapsody' which derives from Ancient Greek's epic poetry and deliberately set up images in a scene. In chapter 3, I examined a theme which was planned carefully by sorting favorite images from the Japanese Surrealism. was a result that Yoo Young-kuk observed objectively the phenomenon that young artists dreamt of Utopia or longed for Nostalgia passively and lethargically under wars. And then he otherized himself from that circumstance. First of all, for he used the typical icons of Japanese Surrealism such as the horizon, flowing clouds, and vast plain that were considered stereotypes of Arcadia. He, however distinguished himself form those Japanese Surrealists. He made his own vision about Utopia by referring Lyubov Popova(1889-1924)'s stage design. His objective point of view was expressed by positive and dynamic images of structure and human's actions. Constructivism which was attempted in had an effect on other early constructive works, and the principles of Constructivism were sought hard in reliefs, paintings, and photos.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.148-157
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate greenhouse maintenance by farms by looking into greenhouses across the nation for greenhouse specification, disaster-resistance greenhouse construction, types and degree of damage due to natural disasters, pre-inspection in case of typhoon or heavy snow forecast, and fire-fighting facilities to prevent a fire. The findings were summarized as follows: as for greenhouse specification, the highest proportion of them were 90 m or longer both in single- and multi-span greenhouses in terms of length; 8 m or wider and 7.0~7.9 m in single- and multi-span greenhouses, respectively, in terms of width; 1.5~1.9 m and 2.0~2.9 m in single-and multi-span greenhouses, respectively, in terms of height; and 3.0~3.9 m and 6 m in single- and multi-span greenhouses, respectively, in terms of diameter. As for disaster-resistance greenhouses, farmers were reluctant to install such greenhouses. The low distribution of disaster-resistance greenhouses was attributed to the greenhouses built dependent on the old practice, the greenhouses already completed, and relatively high construction costs. As for damage by natural disasters, greenhouses were subject to more damage by typhoons than heavy snow. They mainly inspected the ceiling and side windows, entrances, and fixation bands for covering materials in case of typhoon forecast and the heating devices in case of heavy snow forecast. As for repair methods for greenhouse pipe corrosion, they preferred partial replacement to painting and did not use stiffeners for structures to prevent a natural disaster in most cases. As for the maintenance of greenhouse covering materials, most farmers inspected their sealing property but did not clean the coverings for light transmission. The destruction of structural materials can be prevented by eliminating greenhouse covering materials during a typhoon, but they were not able to do so because of the covering material replacement costs and the crops they were growing. The study also examined whether greenhouse farms had fire-fighting facilities to prevent a fire and found that they lacked the perception of greenhouse fire prevention to a great degree.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.153-186
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• 2000

Jigam(止感), Josik(調息), Kumchock(禁觸), from the lecture on Truth of ${\ll}Samilshingo{\gg}$(三一神誥) treat three elements of Kigong, regulation of mental activties, regulation of breathing and adjustment of posture and there are some similar mentions with the view of human body based on oriental medicine like those Samjin(三眞), Sammang(三妄), Samdo(三途) and Sippalkyoung(十八境) ect. Thus as a result of comparison and observation about the interrelationships between principle of Kigong in the lecture on Truth of ${\ll}Samilshingo{\gg}$(三一神誥) and oriental medicine. I have conclusion as follows. 1. According to the lecture on Truth, the components of human body are the one and only Samjin(三眞), Sammang(三妄) and Samdo(三途) resulted from facing Samjin(三眞) to Sammang(三妄) and Sippalkyoung(十八境). This fact presents the principle of human change. 2. the principle of Kigong mentioned in the lecture on Truth shows the original Ilshin(一神) on the basis of Samjin(三眞), Sammang(三妄), Samdo(三途) and Sippalkyoung(十八境). This makes common, unity and sound Sim(心), Ki(氣) and Shin(身), Sammang(三妄) through Jigam(止感), Josik(調息) and Kumchock(禁觸), be versed, intellected and guaranteed Sung(性), Myoung(命) and Jung(精), Samjin(三眞) and emit Kyun(見), Mun(聞), Ji(知) and haeng(行), Sadaeshingi(四大神機) and finally all these are harmonized into Duk(德), Hye(慧) and Ryuk(力), Samdae(三大) which is the entity of God. 3. Samsipyookjongmyowhasang(三十六種妙化相) is an ascetic practice done after a chulin(哲人) deduce Ji(止), Jo(調) and Kum(禁), Sambup(三法) on the basis of the lecture on Truth. So I suppose it correlates nature's six elements. Kong(空)(Chun(天)). Yol(熱)(Wha(火)). Jin(震(Jeon(電)), Seup(濕)(Shoo(水)), Han(寒)(Poong(風)) and Ko(固)(Ji(地)), human's Samjin(三眞), Sung(性), Myoung(命) and Jung(精) and Sammang(三妄), Sim(心), Ki(氣) and Shin(身) and makes clear the principle of discipline. 4. In comparison with Samjin(三眞) and Sammang(三妄) says from the lecture on Truth and the Three Essential Elements of the body construction(三寶) from oriental medicine, Samjin(三眞) and Sammang(三妄) as factors of human body in the concept of practical knowledge. That is the one and only Samjin(三眞) in terms of the Three Essential Elements of the body construction(三寶) is considered a structural principle for every single person and Sammang(三妄) is considered a functional form for each individual. And it can be Sung(性)+Sim(心)=Spirit(神), Myoung(命)+Ki(氣)=Vital Force(氣) and Jung(精)+Shin(身)=True Essence(精). 5. In comparison with Sippalkyoung(十八境) of Samdo(三途) from the lecture on Truth and three medical causes of disease, Gamdoyookkyoung(感途六境) is similar with endopathic cause caused by Naesangchiljung(內傷七情), Sikdoyukkyoung(息途六境) is similar with exopathic cause by six climatic conditions in excess as pathogenic factors(六淫) and Yoegi(?氣) and Chokdoyukkyoung(觸途六境) is similar with non-endo-exopathogenic causes by diet imbalance, fatigue, intemperance in sexual life and trauma etc. 6. In the lecture on Truth, the Chulin(哲人) who discipline Sambup(三法), Sangchul(上哲), Choongchul(中哲) and Hachul(下哲) can be compared with Kigong expert(health preserving expert) such as the Spiritual Men(眞人), the Sapients(至人), the Sages(聖人) and the Men of Exellent Virtue(寶人) in the Sang Gu Tian Zhen Lun of the Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen(素問 上古天眞論) and then Sangchul(上哲) is the Spiritual Men(眞人), Choongchul(中哲) is the Sapients(至人) and Hachul(下哲) is the Sages(聖人) while the men of Exellent Virtue(賢人) is inferior to Chulin(哲人) when he goes to extremes.