• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.1 s.91
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• pp.83-90
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• 2006

This paper investigates experimentally the fire resistance performance and spatting resistance of high performance reinforced concrete column member subjected to fire containing polypropylene fiber(PP fiber) and cellulose fiber(CL fiber). An increase in PP fiber and CL fiber contents, respectively resulted in a reduction of fluidity due to fiber ball effect. Air content is constant with m increase in fiber content. Compressive strength reached beyond 50 MPa. Based on fire resistance test, severe failure occurred with control concrete specimen, which caused exposure of reinforcing bar. No spall occurred with specimen containing PP fiber. This is due to the discharge of internal vapour pressure. Use of CL fiber superior to control concrete in the side of spatting resistance, localized failure at comer of specimen was observed. Corner of specimen had deeper neutralization than surface of specimen. Specimen containing PP fiber had the least damaged area due to spatting. Neutralization depth ranged between 6 and 8 mm Residual compressive strength of specimen containing PP fiber maintained 40%, which is larger than control concrete with 20% of residual strength. Specimen containing CL fiber had 25% or residual strength.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.796-803
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• 2002

T-shaped walls have different strength, stiffness and ductility in the two opposite directions parallel to the web when subjected to horizontal in-plane loads. When the flange is in tension, the extent that the flange reinforcement contributes to the flexural strength will be subjected to shear-lag effect. Because of this shear-lag effect, the flange may not participate fully in the action with the web, and the effective flange width is needed for predicting the actual strength and stiffness of structures. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effective flange width and actual strength of the T-shaped wall with Korean code specified detailing of the wall web. Three specimens were tested with cyclic lateral loading applied at top of the wall. A constant axial load of approximately 0.1f$\_$ck/$.$A$\_$g/ is maintained during the testing. Test results show that the effective flange width increases with increasing drift level, such that the entire overhanging flange of h/3 is effective at the maximum strength level. Therefore, the use of PCI or KBC(Korean Building Code) value of h/10 is unconservative with respect to detailing at the wall web boundary.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2015

This study examined the feasibility of wire ropes as lateral reinforcement at the boundary element of heavyweight concrete shear walls. The spacing of the wire ropes varied from 60 mm to 120 mm at an interval of 30 mm, which produces the volumetric index of the lateral reinforcement of 0.126~0.234. The wire ropes were applied as a external hoop and/or internal cross-tie. Five shear wall specimens were tested to failure under constant axial load and cyclic lateral loads. Test results showed that with the increase of the volumetric index of the lateral reinforcement, the ductility of shear walls tended to increase, whereas the variation of flexural capacity of walls was minimal. The flexural capacity of shear walls tested was slightly higher than predictions determined from ACI 318-11 procedure. The displacement ductility ratio of shear walls with wire ropes was higher than that of shear wall with the conventional mild bar at the same the volumetric index of the lateral reinforcement. In particular, the shear walls with wire rope index of 0.233 achieved the curvature ductility ratio of more than 16 required for high-ductility design.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2012

Fixed connection is generally used for beam and column connections of concrete structures, but significant damages at the connection due to severe earthquakes have been reported. In order to reduce damages of the connection and improve seismic performance of the connection, several innovative connections have been suggested. One newly proposed connection type allows a rotation of the connection for applications in rotating or rocking beams, columns, and shear walls. Such structural elements would provide a nonlinear lateral force-displacement response since their contact depth developed during rotation is gradually reduced and the stress across the sections of the elements is non-linearly distributed around a contact area, which is called an elastic hinge region in the present study. The purpose of the present study is to define the elastic hinge region or length for the rocking columns, through investigating the cross-sectional stress distribution during their lateral behavior. Performing a finite element analysis (FEA), several parameters are considered including axial load levels (5% and 10% of nominal strength), different boundary conditions (confined-ends and cantilever types), and slenderness ratios (length/depth = 5, 7, 10). The FEA results showed that the elastic hinge length does not directly depend on the parameters considered, but it is governed by a contact depth only. The elastic hinge length started to develop after an opening state and increased non-linearly until a rocking point(pre-rocking). However, the length did not increase any more after the rocking point (post-rocking) and remained as a constant value. Half space model predicting the elastic hinge length is adapted and the results are compared with the numerical results.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

Due to the 1989 Loma Prieta, 1995 Hyogoken Nambu earthquakes, etc, a number of bridge columns  were collapsed in flexure-shear failures as a consequence of the premature termination of the column longitudinal reinforcement. Nevertheless, previous researches for the performance of bridge columns were concentrated on the flexural failure mode. It is well understood that the seismic behaviour of RC bridge piers was dependent on the performance of the plastic hinge of RC bridge piers, the ductility of which was desirable to be computed on the basis of the curvature. Experimental investigation was made to evaluate the variation of the curvature of the plastic hinge  region for the seismic performance of earthquake-damaged RC columns in flexure-shear failure mode. Seven test specimens in the aspect ratio of 2.5 were made with test parameters: confinement ratios, lap splices, and retrofitting FRP materials. They were damaged under series of artificial earthquakes that could be compatible in Korean peninsula. Directly after the pseudo-dynamic test, damaged columns were retested under inelastic reversal cyclic loading under a constant axial load, $P=0.1f_{ck}A_g$. Residual seismic capacity of damaged specimens was evaluated by analzying the moment-curvature hysteresis and the curvature ductility. Test results show that the biggest curvature was developed around 15cm above the footing, which induced the column failure. It was observed that RC bridge specimens with lap-spliced longitudinal steels appeared to fail at low curvature ductility but significant improvement was made in the curvature ductility of RC specimens with FRP straps wrapped around the plastic hinge region. Based on the experimental variation of the curvature of RC specimens, new equivalent length of the plastic hinge region was proposed by considering the lateral confinement in this study. The analytical and experimental relationship between the displacement and the curvature ductility were compared based on this proposal, which gave excellent result.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.3 s.49
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• pp.47-55
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• 2006

Seismic performance and retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) two-column piers widely used at roadway bridges in Korea was experimentally evaluated. Ten two-column piers that were 400 mm in diameter and 2,000 mm in height were constructed. These piers were subjected to hi-directional cyclic loadings under a constant axial load of $0.1f_{ck}A_g$. Test parameters were the confinement steel ratio, loading pattern, lap splice of longitudinal reinforcing bars, and retrofitting method. Specimens with lap-spliced longitudinal bars were retrofitted with steel jacket, pre-stressing steel wire, and steel band. Test result showed that while the specimens subjected to bi-directional lateral cyclic loadings which consisted of two main amplitudes in the transverse axis and two sub amplitudes in longitudinal axis, referred to as a T-series cyclic loadings, exhibited plastic hinges both at the top and bottom parts of the column, the specimens subjected to bi-directional lateral cyclic loadings in an opposite way, referred to as a L-series cyclic loadings, exhibited a plastic hinge only at the bottom of the column. The displacement ductility of the specimen under the T-series loadings was bigger than that of the specimen under the L-series loadings. Specimen retrofitted with pre-stressing steel wires exhibited poor ductility due to the upward shift of the plastic hinge region because of over-reinforcement, but specimens retrofitted with steel jacket and steel band showed the required displacement ductility. Steel band can be an effective retrofitting scheme to improve the seimsic performance of RC bridge piers, considering its practical construction.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.57-71
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• 2021

The pile-supported wharf is the port structure in which the upper deck is supported by piles or columns. By installing batter piles in this structure, horizontal load such as earthquake loads can be partially delivered as axial forces. The codes suggests using the response spectrum analysis as a preliminary design method for seismic design of pile-supported wharf, and suggests modeling the piles using virtual fixed points or soil spring methods for this analysis. Recently, several studies have been conducted on pile-supported wharves composed of vertical piles to derive a modeling method that appropriately simulates the dynamic response of structures during response spectrum analysis. However, studies related to the response spectrum analysis of pile-supported wharves with batter piles are insufficient so far. Therefore, this study performed the dynamic centrifuge model test and response spectrum analysis to evaluate the seismic performance according to the modeling method of pile-supported wharves with batter piles. As a result of test and analysis, it is confirmed that modeling using the Terzaghi (1955) constant of horizontal subgrade reaction (n_h) most appropriately simulates the actual response in the case of the pile-supported wharf with batter piles.