• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.374-382
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• 1999

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate etiologic factor, treatment, prognosis of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP). Material and Methods: The medical records of 225 cases of SP experienced at Kyungpook University Hospital from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 1997 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The patients were 128 primary SP and 97 secondary SP. The mean age was $30{\pm}15.5$ years in primary SP and $51{\pm}7.4$ years in secondary SP. The ratio of male to female was 8:1 in primary SP and 5.5:1 in secondary SP. Smoker was more common in seconday SP (71.1 %) than primary SP (34.4%). About 70% of patients with primary and secondary SP was underweighted. The previous history of SP was present in 28.9% and 25.8% of primary and secondary SP, respectively. The main underlying lung diseases in secondary SP were inactive tuberculosis (68%), active tuberculosis (12.4%) and COPD (11.3%). Tube thoracostomy was performed in 96.8% and 97.9% of primary and secondary SP, respectively. The duration of chest tube insertion was longer in seconday SP ($18.2{\pm}19.59$ days) than primary SP ($7.5{\pm}6.57$ days). The open thoracotomy were performed in 22.7% and 10.3% of primary and secondary SP, respectively. The most com- mon indication of open thoracotomy was recurrence in primary SP and persistent air leak in secondary SP. During following-up of $17{\pm}7.8$ months, the recurrence rate in patients with conservative treatment was 16.5% and 11.8% of primary and secondary SP, respectively. The recurrence was most common within 1 month after discharge. Conclusion: Greater attention and research about SP are necessary for more efficient patient care.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.210-214
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• 2008

Chemical pneumonitis is an occupational lung disease that's caused by the inhalation of chemical substances. Its severity depends on the characteristics of the substances, the exposure time and the susceptibility of the patients. Hydrogen sulfide is not only emitted naturally, but it also frequently found in industrial settings where it is either used as a reactant or it is a by-product of manufacturing or industrial processes. Inhalation of hydrogen sulfide causes various respiratory reactions from cough to acute respiratory failure, depending on the severity. Two pharmaceutical factory workers were admitted after being rescued from a waste water disposal site that contained hydrogen sulfide. In spite that they recovered their consciousness, they had excessive cough and mild dyspnea. The simple chest radiographs and high resolution computed tomography showed diffuse interstitial infiltrates, and hypoxemia was present. They were diagnosed as suffering from chemical pneumonitis caused by hydrogen sulfide. After conservative management that included oxygen therapy, their symptoms, hypoxemia and radiographic abnormalities were improved.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2008

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the change of ovarian reserve after removal of ovarian tumor using basal FSH, $E_2$, clomiphene citrate challenge test and ovarian volume. Methods: Twenty two patients with unilateral ovarian tumor, ${\leq}35$ years old, regular menstrual cycle were collected prospectively and divided into endometrioma or non-endometrioma group. We measured the ovarian volume with transvaginal ultrasonography on the day 3 of menstrual cycle within one month before and 3 months after surgery. Basal (cycle day 3) FSH, $E_2$ and CCCT were checked before surgery and repeated at least 2 spontaneous cycles later after surgery. Three patients that had been pregnant within 3 months after surgery were excluded in analysis. Results: The ovarian volume was reduced significantly after surgery in endometrioma and non-endometrioma ${\geq}10\;cm$ group ($4.79{\pm}2.57\;cm^3$ and $5.21{\pm}1.33\;cm^3$, respectively), but not in the non-endometrioma <10 cm group ($6.18{\pm}2.85\;cm^3$). After surgery, basal FSH and cycle day 10 FSH on CCCT in endometrioma and non-endometrioma were $4.25{\pm}0.20\;mIU/ml$ and $3.79{\pm}0.80\;mIU/ml$, $4.24{\pm}0.85\;mIU/ml$ and $4.28{\pm}0.92\;mIU/ml$, respectively. There were neither significant difference in comparison with the preoperative results nor between two groups. Conclusions: Enucleation of ovarian mass was associated with a significant reduction in ovarian volume in endometrioma and non-endometrioma larger than 10cm in diameter. Hormonal markers for evaluation of ovarian reserve, such as basal and cycle day 10 FSH on CCCT, were not changed significantly in each group. In reproductive age women, conservative enucleation or cystectomy rather than oophorectomy should be considered even in a large benign tumor and ovarian function could be reserved by meticulous operative technique.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.593-603
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological succession sere and conservative value, and to provide the basic data for the planning of the Provincial Park Management in Seonamsagol(Valley), Jogyesan(Mt.) Provincial Park(altitude 884m), Suncheon City, Korea by analysing the structure of the plant community. Twenty plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up at an altitude of range from 315m to 480m. As a result of analysis of TWINSPAN which is one of the ordination technique, the plant communities were divided into four groups which are community I(Quercus variabilis community), community II(Q. serrata community), community III(Decideous broad-leaved plant community), and community IV(Carpinus tschonoskii community). The warmth index is $104^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ based on the data of monthly mean temperature during the past thirty years(1981~2010), so we found out that the vegetation of the study site located in the South Temperate Climate Zone. We supposed that the ecological succession sere of the study site is in the early stage of developing from Q. serrata community to Carpinus tshonoskii community, however we should do a long-term monitoring to investigate the changes of the ecological succession each plant community, meanwhile Sasa borealis was dominant species in the shrub layer. The diameter at breast height of specimen tree is range from 20 to 55cm(average 36cm) and the height of that is range from 14 to 35m(average 23cm). The age of community I was 64 years old, that of community II was from 59 to 64 years old, that of community III was from 51 to 62 years old, and that of community IV was from 41 to 68 years old, thus the age of the study site is about from 38 to 72 years old. According to the index of Shnnon's diversity(unit: $400m^2$), community IV was ranged from 0.8452 to 1.2312, community III was ranged from 0.8044 to 1.1404, community II was ranged from 0.8221 to 0.9971, and community I was 0.8324.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.53
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• pp.129-153
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• 2003

This study examines the socio-economic impacts of recent welfare reform in the United States. Based on the neo-conservative critique to the traditional public assistance system for low-income families, the 1996 welfare reform has given greater emphases on reducing welfare dependency and increasing work effort and self-sufficiency among welfare recipients. In particular, the welfare reform legislation instituted 60-month lifetime limits on cash assistance, expanded mandatory work requirements, and placed financial penalties for noncompliance. With the well-timed economic boom in the second half of the 1990s, the welfare reform seems to achieve considerable progress; welfare caseload has declined sharply to reach less than 50% of its 1994 peak, single mothers' labor force participation has increased substantially, and child poverty has decreased. In spite of these good signals, the welfare reform also has several potential problems. Many welfare leavers participate in the labor market, but not all (or most) of them. The economic well being of working welfare leavers did not increased significantly, because earnings increase was canceled out by parallel decrease in welfare benefits. Furthermore, most of working welfare leavers are employed in jobs with poor employment stability and low wages, making them highly vulnerable to frequent layoff, long-time joblessness, persistent poverty, and welfare recidivism. Another serious problem of the welfare reform is that a substantial number of welfare recipients are faced with extreme difficulties in finding jobs, because they have severe barriers to employment. The new welfare system with 5-year time limit can severely threaten the livelihoods of these people. The welfare reform presupposes that welfare recipients can achieve self-reliance by increasing their labor market activities. However, empirical evidences suggest that many people are unable to respond to the new, work-oriented welfare strategy. It may be a very difficult task to achieve both objectives of the welfare reform((1) providing adequate income security for low-income families and (2) promoting self-sufficiency) at the same time, because sometimes they are conflicting each other. With this in mind, a possible solution can be to distinguish welfare recipients into "(Very)-Hard-to-Employ" group and "(Relatively)-Ready-to-Work" group, based on elaborate examinations of a wide range of personal conditions. For the former group, the primary objective of welfare policies should be the first one(providing income security). For the "Ready-to-Work" group, follow-up services to promote job retention and advancement, as well as skill-training and job-search services, are very important. The U. S. experiences of the welfare reform provide some useful implications for newly developing Korean public assistance policies for the able-bodied low-income population.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various methods of dentin bonding agent application and air abrasion pretreatment on microtensile bond strength between dentin and resin, using a self-etching adhesive system. Material and methods: Thirty freshly extracted human molars were obtained and divided into 6 groups of 5 teeth. A 2-step self etching adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond) was used for all groups. The control specimens were prepared using a direct immediate bonding technique. The delayed dentin sealing specimens were prepared using an indirect approach without dentin prebonding. The immediate dentin sealing specimens were prepared using dentin prebonding immediately following preparation. Immediate dentin sealing teeth and delayed dentin sealing teeth had provisional restorations using Fermit for two weeks. Then all specimens of each group were divided into two groups of three, depending on air abrasion pretreatment. Composite "crowns" were incrementally built on and specimens were stored in water for 24 hours. All teeth were prepared for a microtensile bond strength test. Bond strength data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA test, and post hoc comparison was done using the Scheffe's test. Results: The mean microtensile bond strengths of all groups were not statistically different from each other. Conclusion: When preparing teeth for indirect restorations, IDS and DDS with Clearfil SE bond, have no difference on the microtensile bond strength between dentin and resin. Air abrasion pretreatment did not affect the microtensile bond strength when using IDS and DDS with Clearfil SE bond.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.161-174
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol addition on efficacy of two-step total-etch adhesive under over-wet condition by measurement of remaining volatile part (RVP), microtensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$), and degree of conversion (DC). Two-step total-etch adhesive, Optibond Solo Plus (Kerr, Orange, USA), was used. Experimental groups were divided into 8 groups: Group 1 (only 10 ${\mu}l$ adhesive), Group 2 (mixture of 3 ${\mu}l$ distilled water and 10 ${\mu}l$ adhesive), From Group 3 to Group 8 (mixture of 3 ${\mu}l$ distilled water, 10 ${\mu}l$ adhesive, and ethanol added in 1 ${\mu}l$ increment from 1 ${\mu}l$ to 6 ${\mu}l$). The mixtures were placed on slide glass and evaporated for 10 s, 30 s, and 60 s by air-drying. The weight of RVP was measured by precision weight. Same procedures were performed for ${\mu}TBS$ test and measurement of DC. The condition of mixed solution was observed under light microscope. For RVP weight, the weights of experimental groups except for group 1 decreased with the increase of air-drying time (p<0.05). The DC increased with the increase of air-drying time in only group 5 and 6 (p<0.05). The ${\mu}TBS$ increased with the increase of air-drying time in group only 5, 6, and 7 (p<0.05). The phase separation was examined and water blisters were diminished with the increase of air-drying time in group 5, 6, 7, and 8. Within the limits of this study, ethanol additionally applied to adhesive decreased RVP and increased DC and ${\mu}TBS$ under over-wet condition. It was shown that the addition of ethanol to two-step total-etch adhesive under over-wet condition would remove water and increase the efficacy of adhesive.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1983.05a
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• pp.11.2-11
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• 1983

Vocal nodules and polyps are much more frequent in singers, public speakers, teachers and actors. Voice trauma and voice misuse, at times associated with mild inflammatory reaction, appear to be important in their etiology. It is generally agreed that vocal cord nodules and polyps are inflammatory in nature and they arise in the subepithelial layer of loose connective tissue of the vocal cord. Since the junction of anterior and middle thirds of the membranous cord and has the greatest amplitude of vibration. This is the site of predilection for vocal cord nodules. The author performed laryngomicrosurgery for 70 cases of vocal nodules and polyps at Ewha Womans University Hospital during the period of 5 years. The result obtained were as follows ; 1) Surgical excision is not necessarily the best approach because vocal nodules in the early stages will resolve with the simplest voice therapy. 2) In children, surgery is rarely indicated because most nodules in children regress during adolescence. 3) For patients who use their voices professionally, voice therapy is indicated for three months. 4) If after three month of conservative treatment the cord lesion does not improve and the patient it still dissatisfied with his voice, laryngomicrosurgery can then be considered. 5) The small cuffed endotracheal tube in the interarytenoid space helps to keep the cords immobile and in an abducted position. 6) Removal of the nodule shoule be started by gentle retraction posteriorly and as soon as a tear appears anterior to the nodule. 7) On occasion it is preferable to start the dissection with a siccle knife while the nodule is held on the stretch. 8) Voice rest should be maintained for a week following which the free edges of the cords are usually healed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 1976

This study was a part of large scale of a prospective study on attitudes of professional students in medicine, nursing and teaching toward population related issues in Korea. The study was first conducted in May 1974 and then in May 1975 for the 1974 class cohot using a questionaire consisted of attitude scales and other items developed by Lee. The purpose of stuay was twohold, namely, to determine the difference in students among specializations on one hand and between the first and second years in the 1974 class cohot regarding tile subject matter. A one-way analysis of variance was used for attitude scale, and absolute and relative frequency were computed for the analysis of non-attitude scale items by employing Fishers' Ratio and Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level and chi square test at 5% level as significance tests. The hypothesis 'students in health profession are more likely to have positive attitudes toward population related issues progressively as class year advances than students in teaching profession' was tested and the following results were obtained: 1) Nursing students were more likely to display favarable attitudes toward family planning than medical or teaching students although the class cohot showed slightly negative improvement in the second year. Medical and teaching students apperaed to have slightly improved attitudes in the second year. 2) Respondents in general perceived national family planning program as a means of population control and this tendency was more true among nursing students as the class year advances than two other professional groups of students. Students in teaching profession appeared to perceive it more as a means to improve individual family welfare while health students were likely to see as to improve maternal and child health. This tendency was progressively improved as the class year advanced. 3) The majority of students regardless of their respective specializations believed that family planning program should be directed toward the improvement of individual family welfare. No progressive changes in the class cohot were observed. 4) About the plan to use contraceptives in future, no singnificant differences were observes among different specializations nor in different class years. However, the majority was confirmed to have a plan to use contracepives in future. An increasing proportion of the undecided category was observed, as class year advanced among health students. 5) Students in health profession were found to be more favorable about 'more leisure opportunities' as motive for limiting number of children whereas education students indicated the reasons as 'facilitate ambitions' and 'economic base' The progressive changes toward positive direction in both groups were observed as the class years advanced. 6) Attitudes toward induced abortions of the health students were observed to be positively related to class years while an inverse relationship was found in teaching students who showed much less favor in the subject matter than health students. This phenomenon may be due to the different exposure to learning environments unique to respective specializations. 7) Health students were found to have more favorable attitudes toward population education in general than the teaching students. The teaching students appeared to have changed more to the negative direction when they became the second year while no such development was observed in health students. The teaching students seemed to hold a very conservative position with regard to sex education in schools. 8) About the equality of sexes, the nursing group was found to be most favorable while the reverse was true in the teaching group. A change in the negative direction as the class year advanced was found in the teaching group. 9) About questions related to fertility values-the 10 percent of respondents regardless of specialization indicated that they would maintain their single status in future, however no change was observed in the second year. The desired number of children was found to be two by the majority of students in nursing, medicine and teaching in order of high proportion. No changes in a different class year were observed. The childless marriage was seen by nursing students as a problem more than other students, but a slight change in positive direction was found when the nursing students became the second year. In summing, as data supported in the above, students in health profession demonstrated more favorable attitudes toward population related issues than the teaching students and this tendency became more apparent in the second year. It was noticed that health students were more conscious about the health aspect of population and family planning program while the teaching students gave more attention to the socioeconomic aspect. The sex variable seemed to have operated in the item related to the equality of sexes. In conclusion, as data presented in the above, the hypothesis of this study was accepted except in the few items. It should be noted that the limitation of this study is the short duration of the observation in measuring the possible attitude changes. It should include curriculum analysis for the respective specializations in order to indentify the area of curriculum impact on students in future study.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.152-159
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• 2007

Purpose: Recently, the use of laparoscopic assisted gastrectomy for early gastric cancer has been on the increase and the procedure has been quickly adopted by clincians. However, there are few reports regarding the safety and risk of this type of surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the morbidity and to verify the safety of laparoscopic assisted gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 376 patients that had undergone laparoscopic assisted gastrectomy for early gastric cancer between April 2004 and December 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. The clinicopathological characteristics, operative complications, and factors related to complications were evaluated. Results: The overall operative morbidity and mortality rates were 10.6% and 0%, intraoperative morbidity was 1.1% (4 of 376 patients) and post operative morbidity was 9.6% (36 of 376 patients). Most complications required no surgery except for an intestinal obstruction in two cases. Multivariate analysis of risk factors related to operative morbidity determined that age was an independent factor associated with morbidity (P=0.021). Conclusion: The complication rate of laparoscopic assisted gastrectomy is low and most complications can be managed by conservative methods rather than with surgery. There were no specific predicting factors for complications except old age. Laparoscopy is a technically feasible and acceptable surgical modality for early gastric cancer.