• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.110-120
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• 2013

Objectives : The object of this study was to observe the pharmacological effects of Yookmijihwang-tang-gamibang (Liuweidihuang-tang-jiaweifang, YGB) consisted of 17 types of herbs has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various disorders in clinics, aqueous extracts on the genetically obese and type II diabetic C57BL/6JHam-ob/ob(ob/ob) mice. Methods :Three different dosages of YGB were orally administered, once a day for 28 days to ob/ob mice with ob/ob control and C57BL/6JJms normoglycemic intact mice. Four weeks after treatments of YGB: the changes on the body weight, food consumption, blood glucose levels, leptin and adiponectin contents were observed for monitoring the antiobese and antidiabetic effects of YGB. The effects were compared to those of CLA(conjugated linoleic acid) which improve type II diabetes and inhibit related obesity. Results : After end of 28 days of continuous treatments, ob/ob control showed increases of adipocyte hypertrophy, vasodilated atrophic glomerulus which were detected with marked hyperplasia of pancreatic islets, insulin and glucagon producing cells. These obese and related type II diabetes induced in ob/ob mice were markedly and significantly inhibited by 28 days of continuous treatment of three dosages of YGB. The YGB 50mg/kg showed similar favorable effects on the diabetes and related diabetic complications as compared with CLA 750mg/kg in ob/ob mice of the present study. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that over 25mg/kg of YGB extracts favorably retarded the obese and type II diabetes in genetically obese and type II diabetic ob/ob mice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1417-1423
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to investigate the supplementation effects of $C_{18:2}$ rich-soybean oil or $C_{18:3}$ rich-perilla oil (7% of total diet, DM basis) for 12 weeks on plasma metabolites, fatty acid profile, in vitro lipogenesis, and activities of LPL and FAS in adipose tissue of sheep. The treatments were basal diet (Control), $C_{18:2}$ rich-soybean oil supplemented diet (SO-D) and $C_{18:3}$ rich-perilla oil supplemented diet (PO-D). All the sheep were fed the diets consisting of roughage to concentrate in the ratio of 40:60 (DM basis). Oil supplemented diets (SO-D and PO-D) slightly increased contents of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), proportions of both cis-9 trans-11 and trans-10 cis-12 CLA and TVA, but lowered (p<0.01) those of $C_{18:0}$ compared to the control diet. No differences were observed in the contents of TG and TC and proportions of fatty acids in plasma between supplemented oils. Oil supplemented diets slightly increased the proportions of cis-9 trans-11 and trans-10 cis-12 types of CLA in subcutaneous adipose tissue of sheep compared to the control diet. The rate of lipogenesis with acetate was higher (p<0.01) for intermuscular- and subcutaneous adipose tissues than that for intramuscular adipose tissue, while that with glucose did not differ among fat locations in sheep fed SO-D. No differences were observed in the rate of lipogenesis between substrates in all fat locations. The rates of lipogenesis with glucose increased only in the intermuscular- (p<0.01) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.005) compared to those with acetate. The rates of lipogenesis with acetate were the highest in the intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissue of the sheep fed PO-D. Oil supplemented diets slightly increased the rate of lipogenesis with glucose for all fat locations. Supplementation of oils to the diet numerically increased the fatty acid synthase activity but did not affect the lipoprotein lipase activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.204-213
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• 2008

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 43 days in milk (DIM) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to determine the effect of feeding extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profile. One hundred and twenty lactating Holstein cows, 58 (${\pm}31$) DIM, were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized block design to study the effects of the three types of oilseeds on production parameters and milk fatty acid profile. The four diets were a control diet (CON) and three diets in which 10% extruded soybean (ESB), 5% ground canola seed (GCS) and 10% whole cottonseed (WCS) were included, respectively. Diets consisted of concentrate mix, corn silage and Chinese wild rye and were balanced to similar concentrations of CP, NDF and ADF. Ruminal fermentation results showed that ruminal fermentation parameters, dry matter intake and milk yield were not significantly affected by treatments. However, compared with the control, feeding cows with the three oilseed diets reduced C14:0 and C16:0 and elevated C18:0 and C18:1 concentrations in milk, and feeding ESB increased C18:2 and cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Production results showed that feeding ESB tended to increase actual milk yield (30.85 kg/d vs. 29.29 kg/d) and significantly decreased milk fat percentage (3.53% vs. 4.06%) compared with CON. Milk protein (3.41%) and solid non-fat (13.27%) from cows fed WCS were significantly higher than from cows fed CON (3.24% and 12.63%, respectively). Milk urea N concentrations from cows fed the ESB (164.12 mg/L) and GCS (169.91 mg/L) were higher than cows fed CON (132.31 mg/L). However, intake of DM, 4% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, milk fat and protein yields, milk lactose percentage and yield, somatic cell count and body condition score were not affected by different treatments. The proportion of medium-chain fatty acid with 14 to 16 C units in milk was greatly decreased in cows fed ESB, GCS and WCS. Feeding ESB increased the concentration in milk of C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and cis9, trans11-CLA content by 16.67%, 37.36%, 95.24%, 72.22%, respectively, feeding GCS improved C18:0 and C18:1 by 17.41% and 33.28%, respectively, and feeding WCS increased C18:0 by 31.01% compared with feeding CON. Both ruminal fermentation and production trial results indicated that supplementation of extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed could elevate the desirable poly- and monounsaturated fatty acid and decrease the medium chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid content of milk fat without negative effects on ruminal fermentation and lactation performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.838-844
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing a fat diet with selenium (Se) and vitamin E on performance of cows, blood antioxidant status and milk fatty acid composition. Sixty-three lactating Holstein cows were randomly divided into seven groups of nine cows each and each group was fed one of the following diets: i) a basal diet (control); ii) a basal diet with 0.15 mg Se/kg DM (LSe); iii) a basal diet with 0.3 mg Se/kg DM (HSe); iv) a basal diet with 5,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (LVE); v) a basal diet with 10,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (HVE); vi) a basal diet with 0.15 mg Se/kg DM and 5,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (LSeVE); vii) a basal diet with 0.3 mg Se/kg DM and 10,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (HSeVE). Milk fat percentage and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) yield in HVE and HSeVE diets increased (p<0.05) compared with the control diet. In milk fat, dietary supplementation of Se tended to increase the proportion of the sum of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and significantly decreased (p<0.05) the proportion of the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA). In addition, compared with the control, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was lower and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was higher when fat diets were supplemented with Se. Our data showed that supplementation with Se and/or VE improved these nutrients in blood and milk. The results indicated that fat diets supplemented with Se improved both antioxidant status in blood and fatty acids in milk fat, and fat diets supplemented with vitamin E alleviated milk fat depression. Therefore, the combination of Se and vitamin E caused synergistic effects on the nutritional quality of milk fat and performance of cows fed a fat diet.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.847-860
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• 2006

본 시험은 n-6 및 n-3 계열 다중불포화지방산 함량이 풍부한 사료원을 Charolais 거세우에게 각각 사료 급여기간을 달리하여 급여하였을 때 근내 지방산 조성을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험 수행은 영국 IGER (Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research) 연구소 육우 사양실험실에서 실시 하였으며, 공시축은 총 28두 Charolais 거세우로서 ad libitum으로 조사료 급여를 하였다. 그리고, 두 개의 지방원료원으로서 C18:2 n-6 함량이 풍부한 대두와 C18:3 n-3함량이 풍부한 아마종실을 60일 및 90일간 공급하였으며, 농후사료는 총 건물섭취의 73%으로 하였다. 도체중, conformation 및 fatness score는 60일 사료급여구와 비교하여 90일 사료급여구에서 높게 조사되었다(P<0.05). 공시축의 m. longissimus thoracis의 중성지방내 총지방산 함량은 지방원료원에 의한 영향은 없었지만, 반면에 인지질 내 총지방산 함량은 아마종실 급여구에 대략 15% 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 근육 중성지방 내 C18:3 n-3와 cis-9, trans-11 CLA 함량은 아마종실급여구에 유의성있게 높게 조사되었으며(P<0.001), 반면에 C18:2 n-6 함량은 대두 급여구에서 높았다 (P<0.001). 근육 인지질 내 CLA와 C18:3 함량은 아마종실급여구에 높게 나타났으며, C18:2 n-6 함량은 대두 급여구에 높았다. 한편, 근육 중성지방 내 C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, CLA, C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6 및 C18:3 n-3 함량은 90일 사료급여구에서 높게 조사되었다. 근내 불포화지방산:포화지방산 비율은 사료급여기간에 영향을 받지 않았지만, C18:2 n-6:C18:3 n-3 비율과 n-6:n-3 불포화지방산 비율은 아마종실 급여구에서 높게 나타났다. 따라서 본 시험은 대두 혹은 아마종실 같은 사료급여와 급여기간에 의하여 쇠고기 근내 불포화지방산 함량을 변화 시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 그리고, 아마종실 급여는 쇠고기 내 지방산 함량이 조성이 인체 건강과 관련한 영양적 지표에 보다 바람직한 것으로 증명되었다.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.89-91
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• 2001

여러 종류의 유지를 수준별로 육계사료에 첨가 ·급여시에 생산성, ND항체가 혈중 콜레스테롤 및 혈액의 성상에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 두 차례의 사양실험을 5주간 시행하였다. 전기 3주 동안 사료내 조단백질은 21.5%, ME 3,100kcal/kg으로 하였고 후기에는 조단백질 19%, ME 3,100kcal/kg 수준으로 급여하였다. 처리구는 실험 1과 2에서 CLA, 대두유, 시판용 우지를 각각 1, 2, 3%와 2, 3%씩 기초사료에 첨가 ·급여하였으며, 처리구당 4반복, 반복당 IS수로 전체 540수와 360수를 공시하였다. 조사항목으로 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율은 주간별로 측정하였으며, 혈중 콜레스테롤 및 ND 항체가는 실험종료시에 측정하였고 ME는 대사실험을 통하여 측정하였다. 본 연구에 이용된 CLA, SBO, 시판용 우지의 ME는 각각 8,542, 9,179, 8,733 kcal/kg으로 분석되었다. 실험 1에서 사육후기와 전 기간에 1%유지의 첨가구는 보다 높은 수준의 급여구에 비하여 현저하게 증체가 낮았으며(P<0.05), SBO급여구는 CLA급여구에 비하여 사료요구율이 현저하게 개선되었다(P<0.05). 실험 2에서는 사육후기에 CLA급여는 SBO와 CT에 비하여 증체량이 현저하게 높았다(P<0.05). 사료요구율은 2%유지급여구에서 3%유지 급여구에 비하여 현저하게 개선되었다(P<0.05). 실험 1과 실험 2의 3주령에서 HDL은 3%급여구에서 다른 급여구에 비하여 현저하게 높았다(P<0.05). NOD항체가는 CLA와 다른 유지급여구간에 통계적인 차이가 없었지만 실험 2에서는 유지 첨가수준간에 통계적인 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 계육내 CLAisomer는 1, 2, 3% 급여구에서 각각 12.23, 18.74, 25.67 mg/g으로 처리구간에 현저한 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과 CLA의 급여는 SBO와 CT에 비하여 증체량을 개선하고 혈중HDL을 높여주는 경향을 보였지만 ND항체가는 개선되지 못하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1991-1998
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of three different diets on the fatty acids (FA) profile and sensory properties of a characteristic Italian fresh cheese: Pecorino "Primo Sale" (PS). Methods: Fifty-four sheep were divided into three feeding groups: total mixed ration (TMR) enriched with extruded linseed (TL), control diet with TMR without any integration (TC), and pasture (P). During cheese production, six cheeses per experimental group were produced each week, stored for 10 days at 4℃, and then analyzed for chemical composition, FA profile, and sensory properties. Results: Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly higher in PS from group TC (82.11%) than in cheese from other two groups (P 75.48% and TL 66.83%). TL and P groups presented higher values of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 4.35 and 3.65%, respectively, than that of TC group (2.31%). The lowest SFA/unsaturated fatty acid ratio was found in TL and P groups, while the highest was found in the TC group. Vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were higher in group P (p<0.05) than in groups L and TC. Sensory properties of cheese from group P received the highest scores for odor intensity and friability, while control group had a greater chewing consistency. Overall, all cheeses received good scores for acceptability. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed how the integration of extruded linseed improved the FA profile of fresh pecorino cheese PS preserving its sensory properties. Levels of CLA in the PS group achieved using this approach was not higher than that in a grazing diet. Cheeses from groups P and L contained a higher value of FA, with nutritional implications for humans, when compared with un-supplemented diet. Linseed may be a good feeding strategy when pasture is not available.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.951-959
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of linseed oil or whole linseed supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows. Thirty six Holstein Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were blocked by milking days first and then stratified random balanced for milk yields and body weight into three groups of 12 cows each. The treatments consisted of basal ration (53:47; forage:concentrate ratio, on a dry matter [DM] basis, respectively) supplemented with 300 g/d of palm oil as a positive control diet (PO), or supplemented with 300 g/d of linseed oil (LSO), or supplemented with 688 g/d of top-dressed whole linseed (WLS). All cows were received ad libitum grass silage and individually fed according to the treatments. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks including the first 2 weeks as the adjustment period, followed by 8 weeks of measurement period. The results showed that LSO and WLS supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and live weight change; however, the animals fed WLS had higher crude protein (CP) intake than those fed PO and LSO (p<0.05). To compare with the control diet, dairy cow's diets supplemented with LSO and WLS significantly increased milk concentrations of cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (p<0.05) and n-3 fatty acids (FA) (p<0.01), particularly, cis-9,12,15-C18:3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Supplementing LSO and WLS induced a reduction of medium chain FA, especially, C12:0-C16:0 FA (p<0.05) while increasing the concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (p<0.05). Milk FA proportions of n-3 FA remarkably increased whereas the ratio of n-6 to n-3 decreased in the cows supplemented with WLS as compared with those fed the control diet and LSO (p<0.01). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows' diet based on grass silage with WLS had no effect on milk yield and milk composition; however, trans-9-C18:1, cis-9,trans-11-CLA, n-3 FA and UFA were increased while saturated FA were decreased by WLS supplementation. Therefore, it is recommended that the addition 300 g/d of oil from whole linseed should be used to lactating dairy cows' diets.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2009

본 시험은 질소시비 수준과 재생기간이 툴페스큐와 버뮤다그라스의 지방산 조성과 버뮤다 그라스의 사초생산성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 국립축산과학원 제주출장소 시험포장에서 2006년 6월부터 2007년 12월까지 수행되었다. 톨페스큐의 식물체내 지방산 조성은 팔미틱산(C16:0), 리놀산(C18:2)과 리놀렌산(C18:3)이 총지방산의 87(N-0), 88(N-50), 88(N-100)%를 차지하였으며 질소시비수준에 따라 뚜렷한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 재생기간이 길어질수록 리놀렌산(C18:3)은 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 리놀산(C18:2)은 다른 지방산과 달리 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 버뮤다그라스의 질소 시비수준에 따른 지방산 조성은 팔미틱산(C16:0)이 톨페스큐보다 높게 나타났으며 리놀산(C18:2)과 리놀렌산(C18:3)은 톨페스큐보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 재생기간이 길어짐에 따라 리놀산(C18:2)과 리놀렌산(C18:3)은 톨페스큐와 달리 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 버뮤다그라스는 질소시비수준이 높고 재생기간이 증가할수록 건물수량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 질소시비수준이 높을수록 조단백질함량은 증가하였으며 재생기간이 길어질수록 사료가치는 감소하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 질소 시비수준에 따른 톨페스큐와 버뮤다그라스의 지방산 함량은 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 수확 후 재생기간에 따른 변화는 뚜렷하게 나타남으로서 초지를 활용한 CLA 증진축산물을 생산시 가급적 수확 후 재생기간이 짧은 어린 목초를 이용할 수 있는 초종별 적정 예취시기와 방목전략을 세워야 할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 향후 각 초종별 계절 및 생육단계가 목초 내 지방산 함량에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.861-869
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• 2010

폐계육 가슴살에서 회수한 단백질을 첨가하여 제조한 게맛살의 저장기간 중 품질의 변화를 측정하였다. 제조 초기 시험구간의 일반성분의 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 저장이후에도 회분을 제외한 일반성분의 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. pH는 제조초기 유의적이 차이가 없었으나, 저장 4주경과 후에 누에고치분말(T2) 및 CLA(T3) 처리구가 다른 시험구에 비해 높게 나타났다. 초기 보수력은 T3가 시험구중 가장 낮았고, 가열감량은 T2 및 T3이 가장 낮았고, 전단가는 T2 및 T3가 낮게 나타났다. $L^*$ 및 W는 대조구와 T3이 시험구 중 비교적 높게 나타났으며, 적색도($a^*$)와 황색도($b^*$)는 T2 및 T3이 낮게 나타났으며, T3는 저장기간 동안 육색의 안정을 보였다. 파괴강도, 겔강도 및 젤리 강도는 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 낮게 나타났으며, T3가 시험구중 가장 낮은 파괴강도, 겔강도 및 젤리강도를 나타내었다. 조직감 중 T2가 모든 항목에서 다른 처리구에 비해 높은 수치를, T1은 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. 특히, T3은 저장기간 동안 경도, 파쇄성, 검성, 저작성 및 부착성이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 지방산패도(TBA)와 휘발성염기질소(VBN)는 처리구간의 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 모든 처리구에서 저장기간의 경과에 의해 TBA값은 감소하였고, VBN값과 총세균수는 저장기간의 증가에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 관능검사 결과 전체적인 기호도를 포함한 육색, 향, 풍미, 연도 및 다즙성 모든 항목에서 처리구간의 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본 실험 결과 기능성 물질의 첨가가 기계적인 품질 측정항목에서의 차이에도 불구하고 관능적 품질에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 기계적인 품질 측정항목에서는 전체적으로 T3이 다른 처리구에 비교해 품질의 차이가 많이 나는 것으로 나타났다.