• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.551-561
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find out differences in the removal efficiency of particulate matter (PM) depending on the type of plants and the morphological characteristics of leaves. A total of 12 plants were used, with three plants selected for each type of leaves (big leaf, small leaf, compound leaf, needle leaf). We measured the removed amount of PM10 and PM2.5, the structure of the abaxial leaf surface, and the weight of the wax layer of each plant. Plants with the high removal efficiency of PM included Pachira aquatica Aubl., Ardisia crenata, and Dieffenbachia 'Marianne', and plants with the low removal efficiency included Nandina domestica Thunb, Schefflera arboricola, and Quercus dentata. The abaxial leaf surface having a high removal efficiency of PM had many large wrinkles, and the abaxial leaf surface having a medium removal efficiency was flat and smooth. On the other hand, there were many fine hairs on the abaxial leaf surface with a low removal efficiency. According to the plant leaf type, the PM10 removal efficiency of plants with needle leaves was about three times higher than that of other plants. In particular, the wax layer of conifers weighed 6-24 times higher than those of other plants. The stomata of conifers were evenly distributed on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces; however, the stomata of Sciadopitys verticillata appeared in the form of papillae unlike general stomata. Therefore, the removal efficiency of PM varied depending on the macro-, and micro-morphological characteristics of plant leaves such as the structure of the abaxial leaf surface, and the weight of the wax layer. Based on this research, selecting plants that are effective in reducing PM in consideration of the plant type and leaf characteristics will improve indoor air quality and decrease exposure of PM to human body.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2012

The antifungal activities of the essential oils from Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Abies holophylla, Larix kaempferi, Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa against Aspergillus fumigatus were evaluated. Essential oils were extracted from each conifer leaves for 8 h using water distillation method. The essential oil from A. holophylla appeared the strongest antifungal activity among the six oils with MIC value 0.125 mg/$m{\ell}$. The composition of the A. holophylla oil was analysed by GC/MS and then MIC was determined for main constituents of the oil. As the results, borneol and ${\alpha}$-bisabolol, which have a hydroxyl group, showed effective antifungal activities against A. fumigatus (0.25 mg/$m{\ell}$). In addition, the synergistic antifungal effects were observed in the combination of borneol and ${\alpha}$-bisabolol.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.415-424
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• 1994

Community structure, size and age distribution of tree species of the subalpine Korean fir (Abies koreana) forest at the elevation of 1, 400~1, 700m were strudied in the north-west side of Chonwangbong Peak (1915m) in Mt. Chiri for the purpose of better understanding of the population dynamics of Abies koreana. Eight 20m X 20m permanent quadrats were established in 1991, and trees $\geq$ 2.5cm DBH for all species were marked with numbered aluminum tag, and saplings of Korean fir and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) were also tagged with aluminum sheet. These two conifer species comprised more than 60% of the total density and total basal area of the community. Quercus mongolica and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum were subdominats. Oridination study showed that cool temperate species such as Sorbus commixta, Betula costata, Acer tschonoskii and Acer ukurunduense occurred in close association with Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis. Major tree species, especially Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis, were well represented in samller size classes, indicating that they were regenerating well. Age distributuion of the Abies koreana and Pinus koraiensis showed that the former has longer physiological longevity than the latter, and that establishment were episodic and varied with sites, which implies the importance of the role of natural and artificial disturbances in this Abies kireana forest.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 1989

Specimens of spider mites parasiting on conifer trees were collected from Korea during the period from May, 1986 to June, 1988. As a result, seven species belonging to the tribe Tetranychini, subfamily Tetranychinae, family Tetranychidae were identified as follows: 1. Panonychus citri(McGregor, 1916), *2. Oligonychus clavatus(Ehara,1959), *. O.hondoensis(Ehara,1954), *4. O.pustulosus Ehara, 1962, 5. O.karamatus(Ehara, 1956), 6. O.perditus Pritchard and Baker, 1955, 7. O. ununguis(Jacobi, 1905). Of which, three species with asterisk are newly recorded from Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2000

A large amount of information is currently available for somatic embryogenesis of plants. However, one common problem related to somatic embryos is that the conversion rate can be low for some species. Apical meristems are responsible for post-embryonic growth of the embryo. The low percentage observed is most likely a result of poor apical meristem development or defects in the meristem organization during somatic embryogenesis. In flowering plants, apical meristems are well developed by the late heart stage of zygotic embryo development. In conifers, such as white spruce, apical meristems are formed at the pre-cotyledon stage. Thus, apical meristem development occurs very early, prior to the maturation stage of embryo development. Once formed, meristems are stably determined. In the somatic embryo, as exemplified by white spruce, since embryo development is not synchronous, tissue differentiation including apical meristem formation occurs throughout the“maturation”stage. Different apical meristem organizations can be found among different individuals within a population. In contrast to their zygotic counterparts, the apical meristems appear not to be stably determined as their organization, as the shoot apical meristem especially, can be easily modified or disrupted. Precocious germination seldom results in functional plantlets. All these observations suggest that the conditions for somatic embryo maturation have not been optimized or are not suitable for meristem formation and development. The following strategies could improve meristem development and hence conversion: 1. Simulate in ouuio conditions to promote meristem development prior to the“maturation”treatment.2. Prevent deterioration of apical meristem organization during somatic embryo maturation.3. Promote further meristem development during embryo germination.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1991

This study deals with the effect of dwarf growth on xylem structure, especially on the dimension of xylem elements described for 12 species of naturally occuring dwarf trees. The length and tangential diameter of tracheary elements and fibers in dwarf trees appear to be shorter and narrower than those in normal trees. Radial width and cell number of the same annual rings are narrower and smaller in dwarf trees than those in normal trees. Height of rays in dwarf trees is lower than that in normal trees. Dwarf conifers appear to have higher ratio, of latewood to earlywood than that in normal trees. In the hardwood species studied, mesomorphy of vessel elements is lower in dwarfs than that in normal trees. It can be concluded that this dwarf growth occurs as a result of extremely slow growth by environmental stress such as water deficiency.ciency.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.143-150
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is to find som ways to model tree forms more efficiently in reference with surveying structural data and handling parameters in plant Editor of AccuRender, the AutoCAD-based rendering software adopting the procedural plant modeling technique. In case of modelling a new tree, because it is efficient to modify an existing tree data as a template, we attempted to classify 81 species' data from existing plant library including conifers and deciduous tree. According to the qualitative characteristics and quantitative parameters of geometrical and branching structure, 8 types of tree form were classified with factor and cluster analysis. Some critical aspects found in the distributions of standardized scores of parameters in each type were discussed for explaining the tree forms intuitively. For adaptability of the resulted classification and typical parameters, 10 species of tree were measured and modelled, and proved to be very similar to the real structures of tree forms. CG or CAD-based plant modelling technique would be recommended not only as a presentation tool but for planting design, landscape simulation and assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

The physicochemical characteristics, adhesion power, and conservation of imported tapes repairing documents that consisted of adhesive, carrier, and masking were investigated. Materials related to pressure sensitive adhesive produced in domestic companies were examined also. And then, the performance evaluation of prototype manufactured in our laboratory was undertaken. Both the pressure sensitive tapes were compared. The polyacrylate of adhesive agents such as polyacrylate, starch, Glue, and PVA of imported tapes was best. The adhesion strength, power, reversibility, and stability (deterioration) of imported tapes were analyzed. By comparing results of imported tapes, two adhesive agents were selected finally. The carriers of imported tapes are made of one of papers, cotton sheets, and felts. Major carrier material was a paper. The jutes, conifers, and hardwoods were main ingredient of papers. The durability of Hangi($18{\pm}2g/m^2$) was one and half times superior to imported one.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.444-453
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• 2009

A large number of fossil plants were collected from the Lower Cretaceous Youngdong Group in the Youngdong area of Chungcheongbug-do, Korea. Youngdong flora consists of 5 genera and 6 species, such as Frenelopsis cf. alata, Pseudofrenelopsis cf. parceramosa, P. cf. varians, Brachyphyllum cf. vulgare, Pagiophyllum sp., and Classostrobus sp., including the male and female cones of Pseudofrenelopsis first occurred in the study area. All of them belong to conifers of Cheirolepidiaceae. It is presumed that Youngdong flora might have flourished under the arid subtropical climate during the middle-late Early Cretaceous.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

One hundred fifty six pieces of woods were excavated at the muddy sand layer (post-glacial age: about 8,800 bp) above the upper peat layer from Sarori, Chungwongun, Korea in the central Korea. Due to the deteriorated structure of peat woods, all samples were embedded in PEG(polyethylene glycol) 2000 and then sectioned using a rotary microtome. Only two species were found; Alnus spp.(95%) and Ulmus spp.(5%). No conifers were found. Species composition indicates that the climate condition of central Korean peninsula around 8,800 bp was little wetter condition. The sampled region at the Sarori appeared to be a swamp or riverside.