• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 1987

In the present paper I described the relations of wood ray indicators such as ray height, ray width, number of rays per $0.25mm^2$, ray spacing and fusiform ray height on the stem of Pinus koraiensis and Larix leptolepis grown at the Experiment Forest of Kangweon National University. The results may be summarized as follows. 1. The number of rays and ray spacing were generally decreased with the increase of ray height on the sample woods. 2. According to the tree species the patterns of varition of ray width with the increase of ray height were different, namely the relation between ray width and ray height showed some positive correlation on Pinus koraiensis and negative on Larix leptolepis. 3. It was recognized that the variation of fusiform ray height due to the increase of ray height indicated two patterns(the increasing, md constant regions) in sample woods. This boundary seemed to appear at six cells of ray height on Pinus koraiensis and ninc cells on Larix leptolepis. 4. The relation between fusiform ray height and number of rays had a negative correlation on Pinus koraiensis, but this tendancy was not obvious on Larix leptolepis. And ray spacing and ray width due to the increase of fusiform ray height were generally decreased. 5. On the whole the values of ray spacing and ray width became gradually larger in proportion to the increase of number of rays. 6. According to the increase of ray spacing the values of ray width also increased gradually. But this tendency was more clear on Pinus koraiensis than larix leptolepis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 1980

This research was carried out to examine the substitutional feasibility of low-priced materials produced in waste of forest instead of wheat flour which is extended for plywood adhesives. Wheat, pine bark, wood flour and pine foliage of coniferous trees or poplar foliage of hardwood species were selected and pulverized into 60-100 mesh minute powder after they were dried at $100-105^{\circ}C$ during 24 hours in the drying oven. The prepared particles as above were added to urea formaldehyde resin, urea-melamine copolymer resin and water soluble phenol formaldehyde resin in the ratio of 10, 20, 30 and 50%. After plywoods were processed by the above extending ratios, shear strength of extended plywoods were analyzed and discussed. The results obtained at this study were summarised as follows; 1. In the case of urea formaldehyde resin, both dry and wet shear strength of plywoods extended by wheat flour were shown the highest value. 2. Dry shear strength of urea-melamine copolymer resin was better than that of urea formaldehyde resin on the whole, while plywoods extended by wheat flour were shown excellent results. 3. Among 10% and 20% extensions of urea-melamine copolymer resin, the best results were shown by poplar leaves powder, wheat powder and wood flour. They had no significant difference statistically. 4. In the case of water soluble phenol formaldehyde resin, although dry shear strength of pine leaves powder was higher than that of wheat flour in the ratio of 10%, there was no significant difference between them in the ratio of 10 and 20%. 5. Among 20, 30 and 50% extensions of water soluble phenol formaldehyde resin, wet shear strength of wood flour and bark powder was higher than that of wheat flour. Wet shear strength of wood flour in the ratio of 10% was shown the same tendency as above.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.307-319
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• 2016

A Land-Atmosphere Modeling Package (LAMP) for supporting agricultural and forest management was developed at the National Center for AgroMeteorology (NCAM). The package is comprised of two components; one is the Weather Research and Forecasting modeling system (WRF) coupled with Noah-Multiparameterization options (Noah-MP) Land Surface Model (LSM) and the other is an offline one-dimensional LSM. The objective of this paper is to briefly describe the two components of the NCAM-LAMP and to evaluate their initial performance. The coupled WRF/Noah-MP system is configured with a parent domain over East Asia and three nested domains with a finest horizontal grid size of 810 m. The innermost domain covers two Gwangneung deciduous and coniferous KoFlux sites (GDK and GCK). The model is integrated for about 8 days with the initial and boundary conditions taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analysis (FNL) data. The verification variables are 2-m air temperature, 10-m wind, 2-m humidity, and surface precipitation for the WRF/Noah-MP coupled system. Skill scores are calculated for each domain and two dynamic vegetation options using the difference between the observed data from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and the simulated data from the WRF/Noah-MP coupled system. The accuracy of precipitation simulation is examined using a contingency table that is made up of the Probability of Detection (POD) and the Equitable Threat Score (ETS). The standalone LSM simulation is conducted for one year with the original settings and is compared with the KoFlux site observation for net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and soil moisture variables. According to results, the innermost domain (810 m resolution) among all domains showed the minimum root mean square error for 2-m air temperature, 10-m wind, and 2-m humidity. Turning on the dynamic vegetation had a tendency of reducing 10-m wind simulation errors in all domains. The first nested domain (7,290 m resolution) showed the highest precipitation score, but showed little advantage compared with using the dynamic vegetation. On the other hand, the offline one-dimensional Noah-MP LSM simulation captured the site observed pattern and magnitude of radiative fluxes and soil moisture, and it left room for further improvement through supplementing the model input of leaf area index and finding a proper combination of model physics.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2021

This study evaluated the degree of interaction between the people and the environment using perceived naturalness measure. The seventh-grade index of Hemeroby was divided into subclasses of land cover according to degrees of human influence. The grade was standardized for each indicator to evaluate the current state of urban parks in Seoul by applying probability density function and weight. User evaluation was conducted on six distinctive parks selected. In the results, three implications were found between spatial evaluation according to the perceived naturalness. First, park users evaluated highly for the spaces such as broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest and mixed forest evaluated highly in the Hemeroby grade index. Park users generally recognized that various types of trees in the area had high naturalness. The density of trees is one of the factors in perceived naturalness. Second, water spaces were highly evaluated for naturalness in the Hemeroby grade index. However, the perceived naturalness of water spaces such as inland wetlands, pond and reservoir evaluated in various ways depending on environmental conditions around the park. Third, perceived naturalness is easily evaluated through vertical landscape elements such as trees rather than horizontal landscapes such as grassland. The perceived naturalness is similar to the naturalness evaluation using land cover. However the study found the perceived naturalness for a specific space was different from the Hemeroby index. Perceived naturalness by the user includes the content that the individual sees, hears, and experiences. Park users are usually structuring naturalness through evaluating the value of urban green spaces based on personal perception. Therefore there is no absolute standard criterion for evaluating the naturalness of urban green spaces. A deeper study is needed that considers user bundles or user groups with conflicting interests on the perceived naturalness in urban parks. These studies will be essential data on the direction of naturalness urban park service should provide.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2004

Vegetation established through the natural process, such as Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, Carpinus laxiflora, Q. aliena and Q. serrata communities and artificially introduced vegetation, which are composed of Larix leptolepis and P. rigida plantations, are established in the mountainous land of the Mt. Songnisan National Park. On the other hand, the developed lands, which are consisted of agricultural folds, residential areas, commercial areas related to tourism, etc. appear in the lowland around streams. Based on the spatial distribution of vegetation, the southern district, which is attributed to Naesongni-myun by administrative system, showed higher natural degree and vegetation diversity. However, most of the other districts, which are attributed to Cheongcheon- and Chilseong-myuns, are covered with the Korean red pine forest, a product of artificial influence, and plantation also occupied higher percentage. Thereby both vegetation diversity and natural degree are lowering. A result of ordination by DCA showed that sands tended to be arranged by depending on the topographic condition. Species diversity of plant communities was higher in broad-leaved stands rather than in coniferous ones and in stands of the early stage than in ones of the late stage. The result of analysis on vegetation dynamics implied that vegetation of this region would be dominated by Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora communities in the future. However, considered occurrence the of disturbance and response of vegetation on that, this estimation may different somewhat from an actual situation. Conservation strategies of the Mt. Songnisan National Park were discussed in viewpoints of landscape ecology, and conservation of major plant communities and biodiversity.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2001

Estimation of the annual net production, nitrogen (N) and base cation (BC＝K, Mg, Ca) uptake by stocked forests in South Korea has been done with national statistical data of forestry from 1995 to 1999. The annual net production of stems and branches was about 1.8 ton DM ha/sup -1/ yr/sup -1/. The net productivity of deciduous forests was higher than that of coniferous forests. Total net production of the stocked forests from the whole stocked area of South Korea of 6.246×10/sup 6/ ha, was about 1.13×10/sup 7 ton DM/yr, and the total harvested biomass obtained from timber production data in 1999, was estimated about 6.1×105 ton DM/yr that was equivalent to 98 kg DM ha/sup -1/ yr/sup -1/f. Net growth uptake of N and BC were 350 mol ha/sup -1/ yr/sup -1/ and 296 mol ha/sup -1/ yr/sup -1/ respectively, and the content of N and BC contained in the harvested biomass were 20 mol ha/sup -1/ yr/sup -1/ and 16 mol ha/sup -1/ yr/sup -1/ respectively. Net uptake of N was higher than that of BC. Total net uptake of N and BC from growth and harvest by stocked forests in South Korea were 2.309×10/sup 9/ mol/yr and 1.953×10/sup 9 mol/yr respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2008

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key biophysical variable influencing land surface processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration and energy balance, and is a required input to estimate evapotranspiration in various ecological and hydrological models. The development of more correct and useful LAIs estimation techniques is required by these importance, but LAIs had been assumed in most LAI research through simple relations with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) because the field measurement is difficult on wide area. This paper is to evaluate the MODIS LAI Product's practical use by comparing with LAIs that is derived from NOAA AVHRR NDVIs and the 2 years (2003-2004) measured LAIs of Korea Forest Research Institute in Gyeongancheon watershed (561.12 $Km^2$). As a result, the MODIS LAIs of deciduous forests showed higher values about 14 % and 15~30 % than the measured LAIs and NOAA LAIs. In the year of 2003, the MODIS LAIs in coniferous forests were 5 % higher than the measured LAIs, and showed about 7 % differences comparing with the NOAA LAIs except April. These differences come from the insufficient field data measured in partial points of the target area, and the extracted reference data from MODIS LAIs include the limits of spatial resolution and the error of incorrect land cover classification. Thus, using the MODIS data by the proper correction with the measured data can be useful as an input data for ecological and hydrological models which offers the vegetation information and simulates the water balance of a given watershed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5B
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• pp.495-504
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• 2008

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important state variable while simulating daily streamflow in hydrological models. In the estimation of ET, for example, when using FAO Penman Monteith equation, the LAI (Leaf Area Index) value reflecting the conditions of vegetation generally affects considerably. Recently in evaluating the vegetation condition as a fixed quantity, the remotely sensed LAI from MODIS satellite data is available, and the time series values of spatial LAI coupled with land use classes are utilized for ET evaluation. Four years (2001-2004) of MODIS LAI was prepared for the evaluation of Penman Monteith ET in the continuous hydrological model, SLURP (Semi-distributed Land Use-based Runoff Processes). The model was applied for simulating the dam inflow of Chungju watershed ($6661.3km^2$) located in the upstream of Han river basin. For four years (2001-2004) dam inflow data and meteorological data, the model was calibrated and verified using MODIS LAI data. The average Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency was 0.66. The 4 years watershed average Penman Monteith ETs of deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forest were 639.1, 422.4, and 631.6 mm for average MODIS LAI values of 3.64, 3.50, and 3.63 respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 1968

This experiment is a comparative study of influence on the seedling in individual pH treatment of culture soil I. T-R ratio and growth 1. T-R ratio has almost similar tendency in its range according to tree species, but in individual treatment there were lots of differences. In the strong acidic and the strong alkali conditions T-R ratio was small. This means the seedling body is out of balance. 2. Where the resistance to H-ion was stronger, the growth of root-system, that is, the resistance of fine root was comparatively better. 3. The growth of root system was greatly influenced by pH, and in the condition of pH3, pH8, pH9, the growth was especially worse. 4. Ginkgo biloba, Pinus rigida and Pinus banksiana kept on growing in the strong acidic condition. 5. The growth season has higher pH of culture soil than the dormant season, and tree species which have strong resistance of acidic had better growth and had stronger resistance of draught in the acidic condition of culture soil ; especially, Pinus rigida and Pinus banksiana were worse in the alkali condition. II Seedling pH 1. According to the tree species, there were differences in seedling pH, and tree species, considred to be strong in resistance of draught, had been high in seedling pH. 2. Seedling pH of the growth season was higher than that of the dormant season. 3. Seedling pH was not significant in pH treatment of the culture soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1989

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the contents and distribution of amino acids in the hydrolysates of humic acids extracted from 3 plant materials. Wild grass hay, and leaves of forest trees were used in this study. Seventeen amino acids were analyzed and their amounts determined. Results obtained from the experiments are summarized in the following: 1. Contents and distribution of hydrolyzable amino acids in the humic acid fractions depend on the kind of plant materials and the allowed time for humification. 2. Neutral amino acids was the largest part of the total amino acids, followed by acidic amino acids, and basic amino acids. 3. The total amounts of amino acids in the hydrolyzable humic acid fractions of well humified residues were in the following order: wild grass hay > leaves of deciduous trees > leaves of coniferous trees 4. In general the relative amounts of lysine increased with humification progressing. S. Glycine and glutamic acid were the two major amino acids in common for the hydrolysate of humic acids extracted from well decomposed residues of plant materials. Alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, aspartic acid and leucine were the five major amino acid in common in raw materials without exception. 6. Arginine appeared to be absent in any of the hydrolysates of humic acids from well humified plant materials. 7. Phenylalanine and tyrosine were present in all hydrolysates and their relative contents increased with the humification of plant materials.