• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.280-304
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Gilsangsan (Ganghwa-Isl.). The vascular plants were collected 14 times (from March to November 2012), and were identified as 595 taxa; 122 families, 359 genera, 529 species, 7 subspecies, 51 varieties, 2 forms and 3 hybrids. The plant formation of Mt. Gisangsan is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest which is the common one in the middle part of Korean peninsula. All most mountain covered with young secondary forest which is mainly composed of Pinus and Quercus. The family represented by the largest number of species diversity were Asteraceae (11.%), Poaceae (10.7%), Cyperaceae (6.38%), Fabaceae (3.86%) and Rosaceae (3.52%) respectively. Korean endemic plants of this area were 12 taxa; Asarum misandrum, Clematis brachyura, Philadelphus schrenkii, Forsythia koreana, Polygonatum infundiflorum, etc. The red list of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined, endangered species (EN) Abies koreana, Near Threatened species (NT) both Wikstroemia trichotoma and Sparganium erectum, Least Concern species (LC) Platycladus orientalis, Swertia diluta var. tosaensis and Iris minutoaurea and by Not Evaluate species (NE) Polygonatum infundiflorum. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 45 taxa comprising two taxa of grade V and VI, nine taxa of grade III, three taxa of grade II, 29 taxa of gradeI. The naturalized plants were identified as 64 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 10.7% of total 595 taxa vascular plants. Ecosystem disturbance wild plants were consisted of eight taxa; Rumex acetosella, Sicyos angulatus, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus, Hypochaeris radicata and Lactuca scariola. Furthermore, therophytes (26.5%), hemicryptophytes (26.0%), Geophyte (14.0%) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.372-395
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• 2020

This study aimed to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants in Mt. Goryeo in Ganghwa-gun, Korea. The results of 14 field surveys from March 2018 to August 2019 identified 629 total taxa, representing 568 species, 10 subspecies, 45 varieties, two forms, and four hybrids in 371 genera and 112 families. The plant formation of Mt. Goryeo is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest, which is the common one in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Most parts of the mountain are covered with a young secondary forest, mainly composed of Quercus and Pinus spp. Out of the 629 taxa, 314 were first recorded in the region, six were endemic to Korea, four were listed on the Korean Red List of threatened species, 63 were floristic target plants, and 58 were invasive alien plants. The percentages of the naturalized index (NI) and urbanization index (UI) were 9.2% and 15.5%, respectively. The area showed a high plant diversity with many rare plants and phytogeographically important plants. This study discussed in detail conservation strategies to ensure biodiversity and effective management of Mt. Goryeo. The study results can be used as the reference for the preparation of biodiversity conservation and the establishment of management measures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1976

This study was performed in Bo-Eun Gun, Chung-Cheong Buk Do. The forest types having been classified, the each area was measured by dot-grid method. The 820 sample points having been obtained by systematic sampling method, the tree heights, crown densities, crown diameters in the points were measured on the aerial photography, and the volumes per hectare were estimated by the comparison with stereogram. Thirty eight plots, which amounted to about 4.5% of all the sample points, were sampled with double sampling method and volume were measured by the ground survey method. the results were summarized as follows; 1. There is no significant differentia between the values measure by dot-grid method and the statistical values obtained by the authority for the area. 2. There is no significant differentia between the estimated values and the measured values for the volume. And the coefficient (b) was 1.18. 3. The heights of conifer trees were easily measured more or less, but it was some difficult for the deciduous trees, because the tops of trees were not observed easily. 4. All the values had a tendencies to be overestimated in the low stocked stand and to be underestimated in the high stocked stand. 5. When the aerial volume table method by ground checking needs to be used together, the work should be performed by the experienced technician and the photgraphic volume table should be made in advanced of the work.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 1991

Artificial acid rain (pH 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) was treated on thd seeds of 5 coniferous species to examine its effects on germination and seedling growth. Artificial acid rain was prepared by diluting sulfuric acid with ground water and ground water(pH 6.5) was used as control. Artificial acid rain was sprayed to seeded pots three times per week. About 5mm of artificial acid rain was treated each time from early April to early October, 1990. Germination, seedling establishment and seedling growth were measured and compared among the treatments. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Germination, seedling establishment rate of Larix leptolepis and Picea koraiensis were highest on the pH 5.0 plot whereeas those of Abies holophylla and Cryptomeria japonica were highest on the control plot, and those of Abies koreana showed the highest value on the pH 3.0 plot. 2. The differences in seedling height growth of Larix leptolepis was signif- icant at 1% level among the treatment levels of acid rain, whereas those of other species were not significant, Height of Larix leptolepis, Abies koreana and Picea koraiensis were highest on the pH 4.0 plot, and that of Abies holuphylla and Cryptomeria japonica were highest on the pH 5.0 plot. 3. Seedling dry weight of Larix leptolepis and Abies holophylla differed significantly at 1% level among the treatments, but those of other species did not differ. Highest seedling dry weight of Larix leptolepis and Abies koreana were observed on the pH 4.0 plot, and that of Abies holophylla and Cryptomeria japonica did on the pH 3.0 plot, and that of Picea koraiensis did on the control plot. 4. With decrease of pH value of artificial acid rain, the number of injured needle and injured individual tended to be increased, obviously. 5. The differences of soil acidity were highly significant among the treatments for all species.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.196-206
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• 2020

Background: The Himalayan forests are of great importance to sustain the nature and community resource demands. These forests are facing pressures both from anthropogenic activities and ongoing global climatic changes. Poor natural regeneration has been considered a major problem in mountainous forests. To understand the population structure and regeneration status of Larix (Larix griffithiana and Larix himalaica), we conducted systematic vegetation surveys in three high-altitude valleys namely Ghunsa (Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, KCA), Langtang (Langtang National Park, LNP), and Tsum (Manaslu Conservation Area, MCA) in Nepal Himalaya. The average values of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and sapling height were compared for three sites and two species using Kruskal-Wallis test. Population structure was assessed in terms of proportion of seedlings, saplings, and trees. Regeneration was analyzed using graphical representation of frequencies of seedlings, saplings, and trees in histograms. Results: The results showed that the population structure of Larix in terms of the proportion of seedling, sapling, and tree varied greatly in the three study areas. KCA had the highest record of seedling, sapling, and tree compared to other two sites. Seedlings were the least among three forms and many plots were without seedlings. We found no seedling in MCA study plots. The plot level average DBH variation among sites was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 7.813, df = 2, p = 0.02) as was between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 5.9829, df = 1, p = 0.014). Similarly, the variation in average tree height was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 134.23, df = 2, p < 0.001) among sites as well as between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 128.01, df = 1, p < 0.001). All the sites showed reverse J-shaped curve but more pronounced for KCA and MCA. In comparing the two species, Larix griffithiana has clear reverse J-shaped diameter distribution but not Larix himalaica. Conclusion: The varied responses of Larix manifested through regeneration status from spatially distinct areas show that regeneration limitations might be more pronounced in the future. In all the three studied valleys, regeneration of Larix is found to be problematic and specifically for Larix griffithiana in MCA and Larix himalaica in LNP. To address the issues of disturbances, especially serious in LNP, management interventions are recommended to sustain the unique Himalayan endemic conifer.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.661-670
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• 2017

50-year tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies (1966~2015) for principle conifer tree species (Taxus cuspidata, Pinus koraiensis, Abies koreana) and Quercus mongolica at subalpine zone in Mt. Jiri were established. The establishing of tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies for each tree species were fulfilled using four trees, which showed the good result in cross-dating. In the comparisons between tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies within the same tree species all tree species showed reliable results statistically (p < 0.001), and they also showed EPS higher than 0.85. In addition to, the reliable correlations (p < 0.001) were verified between tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies of four tree species, as well. In the response function analysis in order to investigate the relationships between tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies and corresponding climatic factors, i.e., monthly precipitation and mean temperature, T. cuspidata showed a negative correlation with May precipitation (p < 0.05) and A. koreana showed a negative correlation with April precipitation (p < 0.05). If long tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies of T. cuspidata and A. koreana will be established, it will be possible to reconstruct April and May precipitation in the past when we have no the meteorological data.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.229-248
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Jaamsan on the Gyeongsang supergroup, Korea. From the results of eight field surveys from March to October 2017, we have identified 530 total taxa, representing 483 species, eight subspecies, 35 varieties, two forms, and two hybrids, which were placed in 325 genera and 110 families. The plant formation of Mt. Jaamsan is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forests, which are the common ones in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Most of the mountain is covered with young secondary forest, which is mainly composed of Quercus spp., and Pinus. Out of these 530 taxa, 12 are endemic to Korea, 17 taxa are listed on the Korean Red List of threatened species, 65 are floristic target species, and 55 are invasive alien species. The percentage of naturalized index(NI) and urbanization index (UI) were 10.4% and 17.2%, respectively. Mt. Jaamsan has a high plant diversity, including endemic and rare species, which consist of geomorphological landscapes. We considered that the composition and distribution of species are affected by the different environmental factors according to the sedimentary rocks, drying ridges, valleys, and streams. Together with the rocks and soils were the substrate type that play a major role in providing the unique habitats for sun plants in the area.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.234-246
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• 2013

It was found that test piece heated rapidly by 3 kW microwave for 5 minutes satisfies the targeted temperature and the percentage of moisture content, and the highest rate of weight increase is obtained in case of 120 minute immersion in the mixture of phosphates and heterocyclic compounds, from the result of such analysis as: kiln drying schedule, flame retardent by flammability test, insect resistance by termites, and permeability of combined penetrant for the wood after assigning multifunctional finish by immersing conifer structural frame, which is used for the frame work of wooden house and indoor/outdoor finishing in flame retardant and insect repellent materials mixture with the remaining heat of microwave. In addition, after a test of flame retardent treated item, it was identified that every mixture of phosphates corresponds with the standards of flame retardent, and upon investigation of moritality of 7 days after putting termites, it was showed that test piece immersed in the mixture of phosphates and heterocyclic compounds has the best characteristics, showing over 96% of high moritality. From the analysis of inward permeability of combined penetrant for the wood, it was decided that excellent performance in the flame retardent and insect resistance of the wood revealed due to full penetration of combined penetrant as it was found that combined penetrant penetrated through the whole inner cells of the wood.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigate the developmental process of plant community during the secondary succession through the analysis of floristic composition, life form etcectra in burned site, and the structure of forest stand before forest fire occurrence was estimated by the method of anatomical wood identification for dead trees in burned site, Cheisuk-bong in Mt. Chiri of Korea. Plant community before forest fire occurrence was estimated the high mountain conifer stand of the last successional stage to consist of Pinus koraiensis(75%), Abies koreana(15%) and Picea jezoensis(10%), and Betula costata was survived only one species after forest fire occurrence. The total number of plant species in the investigated area was 19 families and 23 species that was identified. The dominate species in burned site were Festuca ovina and Arrhenatherum elatius, Carex humilis, Ligularia fischeri etcectra in the investigated area flora. The life form of plant in burned site was the erect from 47.8%, the tufted from 30.4%, the branched and the prostrate from was both 8.7%, It was assumed that dominant species in the burned sites were Gramineae (Festuca ovina, Arrhenatherum elatius), Carex humilis ${\rightarrow}$Sorbus commixta, Rhododendron schrippenbachii, Sambucus williamsii var. coreana, Tripterygium regelii ${\rightarrow}$Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Betula costata, Quercus mongolica${\rightarrow}$Pinaceae forest(Pinus koraiensis, Abies koreana, Picea jezoznsis).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.70 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 1985

Through the study of the physiognomical vegetation, the vertical distribution, the distribution of forest community and the flora of the woody plants on the south facing slope of Mt. Pal-Gong, the results obtained were summarized as follows. The forest of Pinus densiflora was dominant in the region of below 750m above the sea level, the mixed forest of conifer and broad-leaved trees in the region of 750m to 950m and the pure forest of deciduous broad-leaved trees in the region of above 950m. Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica were dominant for the upper-story trees, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Carpinus laxiflora for the mid-story trees, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Sasa purpurascens, Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron schlippenbachii for the under-story trees. Among seventeen forest communities, Cephalotaxus koreana, Populus davidiana and Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica were considered remarkable communities on the south facing slope of Mt. Pal-Gong. The woody plants growing on Mt. Pal-Gong are composed of 59 families, 7 subfamilies, 122 genera, 178 species, 29 varieties and 10 formae. Populus davidiana, Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica and Rubus phoenicolasius were collected newly in this study.