• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2016

Purpose: To compare the dose distribution between carotid sparing intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and opposed lateral field technique (LAFT), and to determine the effects of carotid sparing IMRT in early glottic cancer patients who have risk factors for atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: Ten early glottic cancer patients were treated with carotid sparing IMRT. For each patient, the conventional LAFT plan was developed for comparison. IMRT and LAFT plans were compared in terms of planning target volume (PTV) coverage, conformity index, homogeneity index, and the doses to planning organ at risk volume (PRV) for carotid arteries, spinal cord and pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Results: Recurrence was not observed in any patients during the follow-up period. $V_{95%}$ for PTV showed no significant difference between IMRT and LAFT plans, while $V_{100%}$ was significantly higher in the IMRT plan (95.5% vs. 94.6%, p = 0.005). The homogeneity index (11.6%) and conformity index (1.4) in the IMRT plan were significantly better than those in the LAFT plans (8.5% and 5.1, respectively) (p = 0.005). The median $V_{5Gy}$ (90.0%), $V_{25Gy}$ (13.5%), and $V_{50Gy}$ (0%) for carotid artery PRV in the IMRT plan were significantly lower than those in the LAFT plan (99.1%, 89.0%, and 77.3%, respectively) (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Our study suggests that carotid sparing IMRT can significantly decrease the dose to carotid arteries compared to LAFT, and it would be considered for early glottic cancer patient with high risk of atherosclerosis.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.125-130
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• 2015

Techniques, using physical wedge filter and using dynamic wedge filter and FIF(Field in Field) and ISCT(Irregular Surface Compensating Technique), have been developed according to progress of radiation therapy of breast cancer. Measurement of dose was done to judge the usefulness of technique using three cases, non tissue loss after breast conserving operating and tissue loss after breast conserving operating and mastectomy. Dose indexes of breast tissue, CI (Conformity Index), HI (Homogeneity Index) and QOC (Quality of Coverage), dose index of skin, or dose indexes of lung, volume of 50 percent dose and 20 percent dose were estimated and compared. Using dynamic wedge filter is useful plan at non tissue loss allowing for high dose of lung. FIF and ISCT are useful plan at tissue loss. ISCT is useful plan at mastectomy. Henceforth, we need to apply to valid plan and body type and thorax size.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.12-15
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• 2017

Among the possible stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) modalities used to treat patients with metastatic spinal tumors, this study compared Cyberknife, tomotherapy, and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT). We established treatment plans for each of them modality and quantitatively analyzed the dose evaluation factors of the dose-volume histogram (DVH) for all spinal bones, focusing on the tumor and spinal cord, in order to examine the usefulness of VMAT. For the treatment planning dose, the mean dose ($D_{max}$) and $D_{5%}$ showed statistical differences in the target dose, but no difference was shown in the spinal cord dose. For the DVH indices, tomotherapy showed the best performance was the best in terms of uniformity index, while VMAT showed better performance was better than the other two modalities in terms of the conformity index and the dose gradient index. VMAT had a much shorter treatment time than Cyberknife and tomotherapy. These findings suggest that VMAT FFF is the most effective therapy for SBRT of patients with metastatic spinal tumors for whom a high dose of radiation is prescribed.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1045-1055
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• 2017

Tensile strength is considered key properties for characterizing rock material in engineering project. It is determined by direct and indirect methods. Point load test is a useful testing method to estimate the tensile strengths of rocks. In this paper, the effects of rock shape on the point load index of gypsum are investigated by PFC2D simulation. For PFC simulating, initially calibration of PFC was performed with respect to the Brazilian experimental data to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical models response. In second step, nineteen models with different shape were prepared and tested under point load test. According to the obtained results, as the size of the models increases, the point load strength index increases. It is also found that the shape of particles has no major effect on its tensile strength. Our findings show that the dominant failure pattern for numerical models is breaking the model into two pieces. Also a criterion was rendered numerically for determination of tensile strength of gypsum. The proposed criteria were cross checked with the results of experimental point load test.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권10호
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• pp.3816-3823
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• 2022

This work analyzed the dosimetric difference between the intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), partial/single/double-arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (PA/SA/DA-VMAT) techniques in treatment planning for treating more than one target of lung cancer at different isocenters. IMRT and VMAT plans at different isocenters were created systematically using a Harold heterogeneous lung phantom. The conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), gradient index (GI), dose-volume histogram and mean and maximum dose of the PTV were calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the dose-volume histogram and mean and maximum doses of the OARs such as right lung, contralateral lung and non GTV were determined from the plans. The IMRT plans showed the superior target dose coverage, higher mean and maximum values than other VMAT techniques. PA-VMAT technique shows more lung sparing and DA-VMAT increases the V_5/10/20 values of contralateral lung than other VMAT and IMRT techniques. The IMRT technique achieves highly conformal dose distribution to the target than other VMAT techniques. Comparing to the IMRT plans, the higher V_5/10/20 and mean lung dose were observed in the contralateral lung in the DA-VMAT.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2013

목 적: 양성자선의 유효비정 변화와 환자 자세의 재현성을 고려한 로버스트(robust-IMPT) 세기조절양성치료와 플레인 세기조절양성자치료(plain-IMPT) 계획과 광자선 세기조절방사선치료(photon-IMRT, step & shoot) 계획의 선량분포 특성을 비교, 분석하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 다섯 명의 전립선암 환자를 대상으로 표적에 70 Gy를 조사하도록 photon-IMRT (7문, step & shoot)와 plain-IMPT (2문, 4문, 7문) 및 robust-IMPT (유효 비정 오차 ${\pm}5%$ & 환자 자세 오차 0.5 cm 적용) 치료계획을 수립했다. 세 가지 치료계획으로 얻은 선량 분포 비교를 위해 PTV에 대한 선량조형지수(Conformity Index, CI), 선량균등지수(Homogeneity Index, HI) 및 최대선량, 최소선량, 평균선량과 OAR에 대한 선량-체적을 평가했다. 결 과: 모든 환자에 대해 photon-IMRT, plain-IMPT, robust-IMPT에서 PTV의 평균 최대선량은 각각 76.75 Gy (109.6%), 71.92 Gy (102.7%), 72.09 Gy (103%)였으며, 평균 최소선량은 68.21 Gy (97.4%), 68.89 Gy (98.42%), 68.13 Gy (98.13%)였으며, 전체 평균선량은 각각 71.02 Gy (101.4%), 71.32 Gy (100.4%), 70.75 Gy (101%)였다. PTV에 대한 CI 및 HI 값은 plain-IMPT가 photon-IMRT와 robust-IMPT에 비하여 1.02, 1.00으로 가장 낮았다. 또한, 정상장기에 있어 plain-IMPT가 photon-IMRT에 비하여 대부분 낮은 선량 분포를 보였으며, robust-IMPT 적용 시 정상 장기에 대한 선량 분포가 다소 변동의 폭은 있었지만 photon-IMRT에 비하여 대체로 낮은 선량 분포를 보였다. 결 론: 전립선암의 IMPT 치료 시 정확한 유효비정의 오차와 환자 자세 재현성오차를 고려한 robust-IMPT를 적용한다면 plain-IMPT의 선량학적 불확도를 줄이고 photon-IMRT에 비해 효과적인 치료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2007

목 적: 토모테라피 치료 계획 시 여러 가지 다양한 빔 조절 인자들의 수정으로 얻어진 각각의 치료 계획 결과를 특정한 선량체적 히스토그램 표지자(DVH-Index)를 이용하여 치료 전에 비교 함으로써 최적의 치료 계획을 효율적으로 도출할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 대상 및 방법: 토모테라피 적응증례를 가진 3명의 환자(두경부, 복부, 골반부)를 대상으로 치료 전 PQ 5000 (CT simulator, Philips)을 이용하여 전산화 단층 촬영영상을 얻었고, pinnacle ver 7.6c (3D RTP, ADAC)에서 종양 조직과 정상조직의 윤곽선을 묘사하여 토모 치료계획 장비(hi-art system ver 2.0)로 전송한 후 빔 조사야, 피치 혹은 중요도를 각기 다르게 설정하고 치료 계획을 실시하였다. 각각의 치료 계획은 종양 부위와 정상 부위의 선량 통계량(최대선량, 최소선량, 평균선량, 선량체적)을 구하여 치료 적절성을 비교하였고 또한 선량 체적 히스토그램을 이용하여 종양 표적 내의 균일성 지수(homogeneity index, HI), 종양 표적에 대한 선량 조형 지수(conformity index, CI), 정상 조직에서의 선량 감소 지수(dose gradient index, DGI)를 이용하여 치료 계획을 비교한 후 두 가지 비교 결과의 유사성을 확인 하였다. 결 과: 3명의 환자를 대상으로 각각 시행한 3가지 치료 계획을 등 선량 분포와 선량 통계량을 통해 비교한 결과와 선량 체적 히스토그램 표지자를 이용한 치료 계획의 비교 결과 두부, 복부와 골반부에 치료 부위를 가진 환자에 있어서 모두 동일한 치료계획을 우월하게 판정하였다. 결 론: 토모테라피의 치료 계획 비교 시 선량 체적 히스토그램의 표지자를 이용한 방법은 특정한 치료 목표에 따라 다소간의 차이를 나타낼 순 있으나 종양 조직에 대한 선량분포의 적절성과 전체적인 정상조직의 고 선량 위험도를 반영함으로써 다수의 치료계획을 단시간에 상호 비교 검증 할 수 있는 적절한 방법으로 사료 된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2013

Purpose: Intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT) is a form of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) that delivers dose in single or multiple arcs. We compared IMRT plans versus single-arc field (1ARC) and multi-arc fields (3ARC) IMAT plans in high-risk prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Sixteen patients were studied. Prostate ($PTV_P$), right pelvic ($PTV_{RtLN}$) and left pelvic lymph nodes ($PTV_{LtLN}$), and organs at risk were contoured. $PTV_P$, $PTV_{RtLN}$, and $PTV_{LtLN}$ received 50.40 Gy followed by a boost to $PTV_B$ of 28.80 Gy. Three plans were per patient generated: IMRT, 1ARC, and 3ARC. We recorded the dose to the PTV, the mean dose ($D_{MEAN}$) to the organs at risk, and volume covered by the 50% isodose. Efficiency was evaluated by monitor units (MU) and beam on time (BOT). Conformity index (CI), Paddick gradient index, and homogeneity index (HI) were also calculated. Results: Average Radiation Therapy Oncology Group CI was 1.17, 1.20, and 1.15 for IMRT, 1ARC, and 3ARC, respectively. The plans' HI were within 1% of each other. The $D_{MEAN}$ of bladder was within 2% of each other. The rectum $D_{MEAN}$ in IMRT plans was 10% lower dose than the arc plans (p < 0.0001). The GI of the 3ARC was superior to IMRT by 27.4% (p = 0.006). The average MU was highest in the IMRT plans (1686) versus 1ARC (575) versus 3ARC (1079). The average BOT was 6 minutes for IMRT compared to 1.3 and 2.9 for 1ARC and 3ARC IMAT (p < 0.05). Conclusion: For high-risk prostate cancer, IMAT may offer a favorable dose gradient profile, conformity, MU and BOT compared to IMRT.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2014

현재 상용화되어 있는 양성자치료의 치료계획장비를 이용하여 방사선회전조사와 같은 치료계획을 양성자치료에 사용하여 대동맥 주위 림프절 종양에 대해 양성자회전치료와 양성자치료, 세기조절방사선치료를 이용하여 선량 평가를 하였다. 대동맥주위 림프절 종양 환자 9명을 대상으로 양성자회전치료, 양성자치료, 세기조절방사선치료의 방사선치료계획을 세워 각각의 선량 체적 히스토그램을 이용하여 선량 평가를 하였다. 양성자회전치료의 치료계획방법으로는 250~120까지 5도 간격으로 48개의 빔을 사용하였으며, 양성자치료와 세기조절방사선치료는 각각 2~3, 4~5개의 빔을 사용하였다. 모든 방사선 치료계획 시스템은 Eclipse planning system(Varian Medical system, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA)을 사용하였으며, 양성자회전치료는 아직 개발이 안된 치료장치이므로 치료계획방법에서 기계적, 물리적인 요소를 양성자치료계획과 동일하게 시행하였다. 선량분석방법으로는 정상장기(간, 신장, 소장, 위, 십이지장)와 종양의 선량 체적 히스토그램(dose-volume histogram: DVH)을 이용하여 생물학적 인자인 normal tissue complication probabilities(NTCP), organ equivalent dose(OED)와 mean dose를 각각의 치료계획방법을 비교 분석 평가하였다. 그 결과 양성자회전치료가 복부에 위치한 small bowel, duodenum, stomach의 볼륨 90%가 받는 선량에서의 결과는 다른 치료계획에 비해 높은 결과를 나타내고 있다. NTCP의 결과에서 양성자회전치료가 liver를 제외한 나머지 장기에서 가장 낮은 결과를 보여주고 있다. 하지만 복부에 위치한 정상장기에 받는 선량이 다른 치료계획에 비해 높아 치료계획 시 주위가 요하며, 물리적, 기계적인 요소는 양성자치료와 동일하다는 전제조건으로 양성자회전치료와 유사한 장비가 제작되어 상용화 되었을 때에 본 연구의 결과와는 다를 거라 사료된다. 현실적으로 아직 불가능한 치료방법이지만 앞으로 추가적인 양성자회전치료의 연구와 기술개발이 되어 상용화가 되면 기존의 특수방사선치료인 세기조절방사선치료, 양성자치료, 세기조절회전치료보다 효과적이고 안전한 치료방법이 될 거라고 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1589-1595
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• 2016

From December 2014 to November 2015, an automatic weather system (AWS) was installed over a wide road of Daegu to continuously measure meteorological factors and surface temperature. We investigated the effective operating period of the clean-road system using the daily maximum and minimum air and asphalt surface temperatures, with the aim of creating an optimum thermal environment. The clean-road system was installed over a part of the broad way of Dalgubul(Dalgubul-Daero) by Daegu Metropolitan City in 2011. Until now, the clean-road system has been operated from the middle of April to the end of September. We assumed that it was desirable that the clean-road system could be operated when the discomfort index was above 55. In conformity with the conditions, we concluded that the optimum operation period of the clean-road system is from the end of March to about the middle of October.