• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.29-53
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• 2012

제조업체와 유통업체의 판매촉진 구사가 증가하면서 이들 사이의 바람직한 판매촉진 비용 분담 방식에 대한 관심도 증가하고 있다. 특히 유통업체 점포를 방문하는 소비자의 비계획구매 요소는 유통업체에게 명시적 잉여를 제공하지만 제조업체에게는 그렇지 않다는 점에서 이를 고려한 판매촉진 비용 분담의 방향 제시가 필요한 것이 현실이다. 문제는 유통업체 방문 소비자의 점포내 비계획구매 요소가 있을 때 제조업체가 어떻게 대응해야 하는지에 대해서는 충분한 설명이 이루어지지 못하고 있다는 점이다. 이러한 문제의식에서 본 연구에서는 유통업체 점포내 비계획구매 요소가 있을 때 제조업체가 구체적으로 공동 판매촉진 행동을 어떻게 전개해야 하는지 조명하고 있다. 본 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다: (1) 유통업체 점포 방문 소비자의 비계획구매 수준이 증가할수록 채널 전체의 판매촉진 수준은 높아지고, 제조업체의 비용 분담액도 커진다. (2) 유통업체 점포 방문 소비자의 비계획구매 수준이 증가할수록 채널 전체 판매촉진 비용 중에서 제조업체의 판매촉진 비용 분담 비중은 낮아지고, 유통업체의 판매촉진 비용 분담 비중은 높아진다. (3) 제조업체 이익은 유통업체 점포 방문 소비자의 비계획구매 수준인 b의 증가함수이다. (4) 유통업체가 소비자의 비계획구매 대상 제품을 조달하는데 소요되는 비용 수준이 증가할수록 유통업체 점포 방문 소비자의 비계획구매 수준 증가에 따른 채널 전체의 판매촉진 수준 증가 정도, 제조업체의 판매촉진 비용 분담액 증가 정도, 유통업체의 판매촉진 비용 분담 비중 증가 정도, 제조업체 이윤 증가 정도가 낮아진다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.189-217
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• 2017

1950년 미국을 시작으로 1951년에는 한국의 방공식별구역이 선포되었다. 초기의 방공식별구역은 순전히 방공임무와만 연계되었으나, 해양자원과 해양에 대한 관할권행사에 대해 세계 각국들이 그 영향력을 확대하려는 경향이 나타나면서 변화되었다. 특히 중국이 동중국해 방공식별구역을 2013년 10월에 선포하면서 방공식별구역 내를 비행하는 모든 항공기는 비행계획서를 중국의 항공관제 당국 또는 국방당국에 제출할 것을 강제하였고 제출하지 안으면 무력을 사용하겠다고 공표하였으며, 또한 해양 분쟁이 격화되고 있는 남중국해에도 방공식별구역을 선포할 것을 예고하면서 방공식별구역이 확연히 국가의 관할권행사 권역으로서 영토 및 배타적 경제수역 등과 연계됨을 여실히 보여주고 있다. 이에 대응하여 2013년 12월 15일 확장된 한국 방공식별구역은 중국의 동중국해 방공식별구역, 일본의 외곽 방공식별구역과 중첩되어 있다. 중첩된 구역은 우리나라뿐만 아니라 중국, 일본도 자신들의 대륙붕과 배타적 경제수역이라고 주장하는 수역의 상공이다. 그리고 한국 방공식별구역에서 식별업무를 수행함에 있어서 주변국과의 우발충돌을 방지하기 위해 한 중 일은 양자 간에 군사력 사용에 강제력을 미치는 군사협정을 체결하여 운영하고 있다. 이러한 군사협정과 방공식별이라는 국가 행위가 지속되고 반복되며 상대국의 묵인을 받는 다면 아직까지 방공식별구역이 국제성문법이나 국제관습법에 의하여 인정된 공역이 아니지만 지역관습법으로 형성되고 있다고 보아야 한다. 그리고 방공식별구역 내에서 식별업무를 하는 것은 국가 기관인 군사당국의 행위이므로 잘못된 행위로 인한 관습법화는 다른 국가 기관의 행위인 주변국과의 해양경계 획정에도 부정적 영향을 미치게 되어 국익에 심각한 악영향을 초래할 수 있으므로 해양경계획정 등과 같은 다른 분야 행위도 고려하여 운영 규칙을 지정하고, 주변국과 군사회담에 임하여야 한다. 방공식별구역에서 비행계획서의 제출은 유엔해양법이 정한 공해상 비행의 자유를 충분히 향유할 수 있도록 영공으로 진입하지 않는 경우에는 제출을 강제하지 않도록 군용항공기 운용 등에 관한 법률을 정비하여야 한다. 방공식별구역 진 출시에 합동참모의장의 승인을 받도록 한 군용항공기 운용 등에 관한 훈령도 군인이 아닌 민간인에 적용하기 위해서는 국방부장관의 승인을 받거나 법규명령으로 제정되어야 한다. 또한 방공식별구역의 운용과 관리에 있어서 동북아에서 지역관습법화를 고려하여 상대국에 관리권한을 양도하는 행위는 반드시 배제되어야 한다. 특히 배타적 경제수역의 상공에 방공식별구역이 설정되어 있으므로 안보와 관련된 권한 등을 상대국에 양도하는 군사협정은 부작위에 의한 결과로도 발생하지 않도록 하여야 한다. 한 중 일 러 간에 방공식별구역 운영과 관리에 관한 내용이 포함된 군사협정을 체결하였거나 협상 중에 있어 동북아에서는 지역관습법이 형성되고 있다고 보여 진다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.869-895
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• 2000

The US supports the Information and Communication (IC) industry as a strategic one to wield a complete power over the World Market. However, several other countries are also eager to have the support for the IC industry because the industry produces a high added value and has a significant effect on other industries. Korea is not an exception. Korea recently succeeded in the commercialization of CDMA for the first time in the world, after the successful development of TDX. Hence, it is highly likely to get tracked by the US. Although the IC industry is a specific sector of IT, there is a concern that there might be a trade friction between the US and Korea due to a possible competition. It will be very important to prepare a solution in advance so that Korea could prevent the friction and at the same time increase its share domestically and globally. It will be our important task to solve the problem with the minimum cost if the conflict arises unfortunately in the IT area. The parties that have a strong influence on the US trade policy are the think tank group and the IT-related interest group. Therefore, it would be important to have a close relationship with them. We found some implications by analyzing the case of Japan, which has experienced trade frictions with the US over the long period of time in the high tech industry. In order to get rid of those conflicts with the US, the Japanese did the following things : (1) The Japanese government developed supporting theories and also resorted to international support so that the world could support the Japanese theories. (2) Through continual dialogue with the US business people, the Japanese business people sought after solutions to share profits among the Japanese and the US both in the domestic and in the worldwide markets. They focused on lobbying activities to influence the US public opinion to support the Japanese. The specific implementation plan was first to open culture lobby toward opinion leaders who were leaders about the US opinion. The institution, Japan Society, were formed to deliver a high quality lobbying activities. The second plan is economic lobby. They have established Japanese Economic Institute at Washington. They provide information about Japan regularly or irregularly to the US government, research institution, universities, etc., that are interested in Japan. The main objective behind these activities though is to advertise the validity of Japanese policy. Japanese top executives, practical interest groups on international trade, are trying to justify their position by direct contact with the US policy makers. The third one is political lobby. Japan is very careful about this political lobby. It is doing its best not to give impression that Japan is trying to shape the US policy making. It is collecting a vast amount of information to make a correct judgment on situation. It is not tilted toward one political party or the other, and is rather developing a long-term network of people who understand and support the Japanese policy. The following implications were drawn from the experience of Japan. First, the Korean government should develop a long-term plan and execute it to improve the Korean image perceived by American people. Second, the Korean government should begin public relation activities toward the US elite group. It is inevitable to make an effort to advertise Korea to this elite group because this group leads public opinion in the USA. Third, the Korean government needs the development of a relevant policy to elevate the positive atmosphere for advertising toward the US. For example, we need information about to whom and how to about lobbying activities, personnel network who immediately respond to wrong articles about Korea in the US press, and lastly the most recent data bank of Korean support group inside the USA. Fourth, the Korean government should create an atmosphere to facilitate the advertising toward the US. Examples include provision of incentives in tax on the expenses for the advertising toward the US and provision of rewards to those who significantly contribute to the advertising activities. Fifth, the Korean government should perform the role of a bridge between Korean and the US business people. Sixth, the government should promptly analyze the policy of IT industry, a strategic area, and timely distribute information to industries in Korea. Since the Korean government is the only institution that has formal contact with the US government, it is highly likely to provide information of a high quality. The followings are some implications for business institutions. First, Korean business organization should carefully analyze and observe the business policy and managerial conditions of US companies. It is very important to do so because all the trade frictions arise at the business level. Second, it is also very important that the top management of Korean firms contact the opinion leaders of the US. Third, it is critically needed that Korean business people sent to the USA do their part for PR activities. Fourth, it is very important to advertise to American employees in Korean companies. If we cannot convince our American employees, it would be a lot harder to convince regular American. Therefore, it is very important to make the American employees the support group for Korean ways. Fifth, it should try to get much information as early as possible about the US firms policy in the IT area. It should give an enormous effort on early collection of information because by doing so it has more time to respond. Sixth, it should research on the PR cases of foreign enterprise or non-American companies inside the USA. The research needs to identify the success factors and the failure factors. Finally, the business firm will get more valuable information if it analyzes and responds to, according to each medium.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.165-203
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• 1987

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However, $85{\sim}90%$ of the services provided by the health workers were other than FP/MCH, mainly for immunizations such as the encephalitis campaign. In the control area, a similar pattern was observed. Over 75% of their service was other than FP/MCH. Therefore, the pattern shows the health workers are a long way from becoming multipurpose workers even though the government is pushing in this direction. 3. Villagers were much more likely to visit the health sub-center clinic in the study area than in the control area (58% vs.31%) and for more combined care (45% vs.23%). C) Organization factors (admistrative integrative issues) 1. When MW (new workers with higher qualification) were introduced to HSC, it was noted that there were conflicts between the existing HSC workers (Nurse aids with less qualification than MW) and the MW for the beginning period of the project. The cause of the conflict was studied by an anthropologist and it was pointed out that these functional integration problems stemmed from the structural inadequacies of the health subcenter organization as indicated below; i) There is still no general consensus about the objectives and goals of the project between the project staff and the existing health workers. ii) There is no formal linkage between the responsibility of each member's job in the health sub-center. iii) There is still little chance for midwives to play a catalytic role or to establish communicative networks between workers in order to link various knowledge and skills to provide better FP/MCH services in the health sub-center. 2. Based on the above findings the project recommended to the County Chief (who has power to control the administrative staff and the technical staff in his county) the following ; i) In order to solve the conflicts between the individual roles and functions in performing health care activities, there must be goals agreed upon by both. ii) The health sub·center must function as an autonomous organization to undertake the integration health project. In order to do that, it is necessary to support administrative considerations, and to establish a communication system for supervision and to control of the health sub-centers. iii) The administrative organization, tentatively, must be organized to bind the health worker's midwive's and director's jobs by an organic relationship in order to achieve the integrative system under the leadership of health sub-center director. After submitting this observation report, there has been better understanding from frequent meetings & communication between HW/MW in FP/MCH work as the program developed. Lessons learned from the Seosan Project (on issues of FP/MCH integration in Korea); 1) A majority or about 80% of the couples are now practicing FP. As indicated by the study, there is a growing demand from clients for the health system to provide more MCH services than FP in order to maintain the achieved small size of family through FP practice. It is fortunate to see that the government is now formulating a MCH policy for the year 2,000 and revising MCH laws and regulations to emphasize more MCH care for achieving a small size family through family planning practice. 2) Goal consensus in FP/MCH shouBd be made among the health workers It administrators, especially to emphasize the need of care of 'wanted' child. But there is a long way to go to realize the 'real' integration of FP into MCH in Korea, unless there is a structural integration FP/MCH because a categorical FP is still first priority to reduce the rate of population growth for economic reasons but not yet for health/welfare reasons in practice. 3) There should be more financial allocation: (i) a midwife should be made available to help to promote the MCH program and coordinate services, (in) there should be a health sub·center director who can provide leadership training for managing the integrated program. There is a need for 'organizational support', if the decision of integration is made to obtain benefit from both FP & MCH. In other words, costs should be paid equally to both FP/MCH. The integration slogan itself, without the commitment of paying such costs, is powerless to advocate it. 4) Need of management training for middle level health personnel is more acute as the Government has already constructed 90 MCH centers attached to the County Health Center but without adequate manpower, facilities, and guidelines for integrating the work of both FP and MCH. 5) The local government still considers these MCH centers only as delivery centers to take care only of those visiting maternity cases. The MCH center should be a center for the managment of all pregnancies occurring in the community and the promotion of FP with a systematic and effective linkage of resources available in the county such as i.e. Village Health Worker, Community Health Practitioner, Health Sub-center Physicians & Health workers, Doctors and Midwives in MCH center, OBGY Specialists in clinics & hospitals as practiced by the Seosan project at primary health care level.