• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제74권5호
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• pp.671-678
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• 2020

In this work, the dynamic properties of a high performance concrete containing glass powder (GP) was studied. The GP is a new cementitious material obtained by recycling waste glass presenting pozzolanic activity. This eco-friendly material was incorporated in concrete mixes by replacing 20 and 30% of cement. The mechanical properties of building materials highly affect the response of the structure under dynamic actions. First, the resonant vibration frequencies were measured on concrete plate with free boundary conditions after 14, 28 and 90 curing days by using an alternative vibration monitoring technique. This technique measures the average frequencies of several excitations done at different points of the plate. This approach takes into account the heterogeneity of a material like concrete. So, the results should be more precise and reliable. For measuring the bending and torsion resonant frequencies, as well as the damping ratio. The dynamic properties of material such as dynamic elastic modulus and dynamic shear modulus were determined by modelling the plate on the finite element software ANSYS. Also, the instantaneous aroused frequency method and ultrasound method were used to determine the dynamic elastic modulus for comparison purpose, with the results obtained from vibration monitoring technique.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1996년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.295-299
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• 1996

Intrinsic Fabry-Perot Optical fiber sensors were embedded to tensile side of the 20cm$\times$20cm$\times$150cm cement concrete structures. The sensors were attached to the reinforcing steels and then, the cement concretes were applied. It took 30 days for curing the specimens. After that, the specimens were tested with 4-point bending method by universal testing machine. Strains were measured and recorded by the strain gauges embedded near optical fiber sensors. Output data of fiber sensor showed good linearity to the strain data from the strain gauges up 2000microstrain. The optical fiber sensors showed good response after yielding of structure while embedded metal film strain gauges did not show any response. We also specimens were broken down. In conclusion, the optical fiber sensors can be used as elements of health monitoring systems for cement concrete infra-structures.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.603-608
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• 2011

국내외적으로 수주량이 증가하고 있는 대형 구조물의 건설 시 보다 정밀한 시공 및 유지관리 기술이 요구 된다. 그 중 콘크리트의 강도는 대표적인 품질관리 변수 중 하나로, 정확한 강도 값의 측정 및 이력관리는 건설 프로세스에서의 공기단축을 통한 비용 절감 및 효율적인 시공관리를 위해 매우 중요한 요구 사항이다. 이에 이 논문에서는 유비쿼터스 시대에 적합한 건설시공기술로의 발전을 위해 최근 개발된 임베디드 자율 감지형 콘크리트 강도 모니터링 기술을 데이터베이스화하고 이를 QR(quick response)코드와 연동시키는 콘크리트 강도 라벨링 기술을 소개한다. 이를 통하여 콘크리트 구조물의 강도 이력 DB를 언제 어디서나 실시간으로 확인하고 이를 바탕으로 보다 정밀하고 경제적인 시공 및 유지관리할 수 있는 차세대 콘크리트 생애주기 품질관리 시스템으로의 실현 가능성에 대해 고찰해본다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.429-434
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• 2017

Failure of basic structures material is usually accompanied by expansion of interior cracks due to stress concentration at the cracks tip. This phenomenon shows the importance of examination of the failure behavior of concrete structures. To this end, 4 types of mortar samples with different amounts of nano-silica (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) were made to prepare twelve $50{\times}50{\times}50mm$ cubic samples. The goal of this study was to describe the failure and micro-crack growth behavior of the cement mortars in presence of nano-silica particles and control mortars during different curing days. Failure of mortar samples under compressive strength were sensed with acoustic emission technique (AET) at different curing days. It was concluded that the addition of nano-silica particles could modify failure and micro-crack growth behavior of mortar samples. Also, monitoring of acoustic emission parameters exposed differences in failure behavior due to the addition of the nanoparticles. Mortar samples of nano-silica particles revealed stronger shear mode characteristics than those without nanoparticles, which revealed high acoustic activity due to heterogeneous matrix. It is worth mentioning that the highest compressive strength for 3 and 7 test ages obtained from samples with the addition of 1.5% nano-silica particles. On the other hand maximum compressive strength of 28 curing days obtained from samples with 1% combination of nano-silica particles.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2017

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to develop bridge deck concrete materials based on ordinary Portland cement concrete, and to evaluate the applicability of the developed materials through material properties tests. METHODS : For field implementation, raw material (cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate) properties, fresh concrete properties (slump and air content), strength (compressive, flexural and bond strength) gain, and durability (freeze-thaw resistance, scaling resistance, and rapid chloride penetrating resistance) performance were evaluated in the laboratory. RESULTS : For the selected binder content of $410kg/m^3$, W/B = 0.42, and S/a = 0.48, the following material performance results were obtained. Considering the capacity of the deck finisher, a minimum slump of 150 mm was required. At least 6 % of air content was obtained to resist freeze-thaw damage. In terms of strength, 51.28 MPa of compressive strength, 7.41 MPa of flexural strength, and 2.56 MPa of bond strength at 28 days after construction were obtained. A total of 94.9 % of the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity after 300 cycles of freeze-thaw resistance testing and $0.0056kg/m^2$ of weight loss in a scaling resistance test were measured. However, in a chloride ion penetration resistance test, the result of 3,356 Coulomb, which exceeds the threshold value of the standard specification (1000 Coulomb at 56 days) was observed. CONCLUSIONS : Instead of using high-performance modified bridge deck materials such as latex or silica fume, we developed an optimum mix design based on ordinary Portland cement concrete. A test construction was carried out at ramp bridge B (bridge length = 111 m) in Gim Jai City. Immediately after the concrete was poured, the curing compound was applied, and then wet mat curing was applied for 28 days. Considering the fact that cracks did not occur during the monitoring period, the applicability of the developed material is considered to be high.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2016

기존의 콘크리트 조기강도의 발현 및 응결특성을 파악하기 위하여 탄성파 기법을 이용한 콘크리트의 모니터링에 대한 많은 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 저강도 콘크리트의 일종인 유동성 채움재(CLSM)에 대한 응결특성을 파악하기 위하여 전단파 트랜스듀서인 벤더 엘리먼트를 활용하였으며, 양생시간에 따른 CLSM의 전단파 특성을 조사하였다. 조기강도 및 유동성을 확보하기 위하여 CLSM은 CSA계 시멘트, 비회, 실트 및 모래, 급결제, 물로 구성되었으며 세립분 함량에 따른 전단파 특성 변화를 보기 위해 3종류의 CLSM 시료를 배합하였다. 전단파 측정을 위한 셀은 셀 벽면에 한 쌍의 벤더 엘리먼트가 설치되었고, 배합된 CLSM 시료를 전단파 측정용 셀에 조성하여 양생시작부터 28일간 전단파 변화를 모니터링 하였다. 실험결과 CLSM의 세립분 함량에 상관없이 양생시간이 증가함에 따라 전단파의 공진주파수 및 속도는 증가하였다. 또한, 양생시작부터 약 10시간까지는 전단파의 진폭도 증가하였으며, 동일한 시각에서는 세립분 함량이 적을수록 공진주파수 및 속도가 크게 나타났다. 본 논문에서 제안된 벤더 엘리먼트를 이용한 전단파 측정기법은 양생기간에 따른 CLSM의 응결특성을 평가하는 데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방재학회 2009년도 정기 학술발표대회
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• pp.55.1-55.1
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• 2009

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-48
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• 2015

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term performance of various concrete composites in natural marine environment prevailing in the Gulf region. Durability assessment studies of such nature are usually carried out under aggressive environments that constitute seawater, chloride and sulfate laden soils and wind, and groundwater conditions. These studies are very vital for sustainable development of marine and off shore reinforced concrete structures of industrial design such as petroleum installations. First round of testing and evaluation, which is presented in this paper, were performed by standard tests under laboratory conditions. Laboratory results presented in this paper will be corroborated with test outcome of ongoing three years field exposure conditions. The field study will include different parameters of investigation for high performance concrete including corrosion inhibitors, type of reinforcement, natural and industrial pozzolanic additives, water to cement ratio, water type, cover thickness, curing conditions, and concrete coatings. Like the laboratory specimens, samples in the field will be monitored for corrosion induced deterioration signs and for any signs of failureover initial period ofthree years. In this paper, laboratory results pertaining to microsilica (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), epoxy coated rebars and calcium nitrite corrosion inhibitor are very conclusive. Results affirmed that the supplementary cementing materials such as GGBS and SF significantly impacted and enhanced concrete resistivity to chloride ions penetration and hence decrease the corrosion activities on steel bars protected by such concretes. As for epoxy coated rebars applications under high chloride laden conditions, results showed great concern to integrity of the epoxy coating layer on the bar and its stability. On the other hand corrosion inhibiting admixtures such as calcium nitrite proved to be more effective when used in combination with the pozzolanic additives such as GGBS and microsilica.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.751-764
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• 2020

Real-time monitoring of stiffness and strength in cement based system has received significant attention in past few decades owing to the development of advanced techniques. Also, use of environment friendly supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in cement, though gaining huge interest, severely affect the strength gain especially in early ages. Continuous monitoring of strength- and stiffness- gain using an efficient technique will systematically facilitate to choose the suitable time of removal of formwork for structures made with SCM incorporated concrete. This paper presents a technique for monitoring the strength and stiffness evolution in hydrating fly ash blended cement systems using electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) based technique. It is important to observe that the slower pozzolanic reactivity of fly ash blended cement systems could be effectively tracked using the evolution of equivalent local stiffness of the hydrating medium. Strength prediction models are proposed for estimating the strength and stiffness of the fly ash cement system, where curing age (in terms of hours/days) and the percentage replacement of cement by fly ash are the parameters. Evaluation of strength as obtained from EMI characteristics is validated with the results from destructive compression test and also compared with the same obtained from commonly used ultrasonic wave velocity (UPV). Statistical error indices indicate that the EMI technique is capable of predicting the strength of fly ash blended cement system more accurate than that from UPV. Further, the correlations between stiffness- and strength- gain over the time of hydration are also established. From the study, it is found that EMI based method can be effectively used for monitoring of strength gain in the fly ash incorporated cement system during hardening.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2001

Soundness evaluation of a structure being constructed under the sea is usually difficult. In this study, a cross-hole sonic logging(CSL) which have been used for non-destructive test of concrete piles is adopted for the integrity test and monitoring of DCM(deep cement mixing) treated soils. Chemical and physical characteristics of raw ground materials are analysed to delineate ground environmental effects on the strength of DCM treated soils. In order to convert cross-hole sonic logging data into compressive strength, correlations between compressive strengths and wave velocities of core samples have been obtained. It is found that there is little effect of ground environment on the strength of the DCM treated soils, and the density distribution of core samples and cross-hole logging data show that a defective zone may exist in the DCM treated soils. With the time lapse, however, the defective zone has been cured and consequently, compressive strength of the DCM treated soils increases and satisfies the design parameter. From this study it can be concluded that the cross-hole sonic logging can be used for the integrity test as well as monitoring the curing stage of the structures, successfully.