• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2009

Chloride diffusivity of concrete is a crucial material parameter for service life determination and durability designing of marine concrete. Many research works on this issue have been conducted, varying from empirical solutions obtained experimentally to image analysis, based on multi-scale modeling. One of the simple approaches is to express the chloride diffusivity of concrete by a multi-factor function, however, the influences of various factors on the chloride diffusivity are ambiguous. Furthermore, the majority of these research works have not dealt with the carbonation process of concrete, although this process affects the chloride diffusivity of concrete significantly. The purpose of this study is to establish a simple approach to calculate the chloride diffusivity of (non)carbonated concrete. The chloride diffusivity of concrete should be defined, based on engineering and scientific knowledge of cement and concrete materials. In this paper, a lot of parameters affecting the chloride diffusivity, such as the diffusivity in pore solution, tortuosity, micro-structural properties of hardened cement paste, volumetric portion of aggregate, are taken into consideration in the calculation of the chloride diffusivity of noncarbonated concrete. For carbonated concrete, reduced porosity due to carbonation is calculated and used for calculating the chloride diffusivity. The results are compared with experimental data and previous research works.

• 한국건축시공학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.379-386
• /
• 2011

Durability of concrete is an important issue, and one of the most critical aspects affecting durability is chloride diffusivity. Factors such as water.cement ratio, degree of hydration, volume of the aggregates and their particle size distribution have a significant effect on chloride diffusivity in concrete. The use of polypropylene fibers(particularly very fine and well dispersed micro fibers) or mineral additives has been shown to cause a reduction in concrete's permeability. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the manner in which the inclusion of fiber(in terms of volume and size) and blast furnace slag(BFS) (in terms of volume replacement of cement) influence the chloride diffusivity in concrete by applying 3D computer modeling for the composite structure and performing a simulation of the chloride penetration. The modeled parameters, i.e. chloride diffusivity in concrete, are compared to the experimental data obtained in a parallel chloride migration test experiment with the same concrete mixtures. A good agreement of the same order is found between multi.scale microstructure model, and through this chloride diffusivity in concrete was predicted with results similar to those experimentally measured.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제29권4A호
• /
• pp.365-371
• /
• 2009

콘크리트 중의 염화물이온 확산특성의 평가는 농도 차에 의한 방법이 보통이지만, 이 방법은 보통 수개월에서 수년으로 많은 시간이 소요된다. 따라서 최근의 연구는 주로 전위차를 이용하여 염화물이온의 이동을 전기적으로 촉진시켜 전기화학적 이론으로 해석하는 촉진 염화물 확산계수 평가 방법들이 주로 연구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 촉진시험 방법 중 하나인 Tang 등의 방법을 이용하여 구한 염화물이온 확산계수와 인공해수 침지시험을 통하여 구한 농도차 염화물이온 확산계수와의 비교 평가를 실시하였다. 포틀랜드시멘트 콘크리트 및 고로슬래그미분말을 시멘트 질량의 40 및 60% 혼합한 고로슬래그미분말 혼합 콘크리트에 대하여 각각 물-결합재비 40, 45, 50 및 60%로 하여 촉진 염화물이온 침투깊이 및 염화물이온의 확산계수를 평가하였다. 염화물이온의 확산계수 및 침투깊이는 시멘트의 수화가 진행될수록, 물-결합재비가 작을수록 크게 감소하였다. 또한 시험 방법별 염화물이온 확산계수의 회귀분석 결과에 의하면, 촉진 및 침지시험으로부터 구한 염화물이온의 확산계수 사이에는 선형함수 형태의 상관관계가 있었으며 결정계수 0.96으로 좋은 상관성을 나타내었다.

• Architectural research
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 2018

To improve the chloride ingress resistance of concrete, slag is widely used as a mineral admixture in concrete industry. And currently, most of experimental investigations about non steady state diffusion tests of chloride penetration are started after four weeks standard curing of concrete. For slag blended concrete, during submerged chloride penetration tests periods, binder reaction proceeds continuously, and chloride diffusivity decreases. However, so far the dependence of chloride ingress on curing ages are not detailed considered. To address this disadvantage, this paper shows a numerical procedure to analyze simultaneously binder hydration reactions and chloride ion penetration process. First, using a slag blended cement hydration model, degree of reactions of binders, combined water, and capillary porosity of hardening blended concrete are determined. Second, the dependences of chloride diffusivity on capillary porosity of slag blended concrete are clarified. Third, by considering time dependent chloride diffusivity and surface chloride content, chloride penetration profiles in hardening concrete are calculated. The proposed prediction model is verified through chloride immersion penetration test results of concrete with different water to binder ratios and slag contents.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2003년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.541-544
• /
• 2003

Chloride diffusivity is one of the important properties of concrete affecting the durability of a structure. The diffusivity for porous materials is determined conventionally by immersion in a solution. However, this method is complicate and time-consuming, often requiring months or years to obtain results. Thus, the application of colorimetric method to estimate the apparent diffusivity of chloride ion was verified in this study. The result reveals that the apparent diffusivity of chloride ion can be predicted to use colorimetric method. Additionally the colorimetric method is capable to predict the profile of chloride ion.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.639-647
• /
• 2009

바닷물에 의한 염해와 동결융해 환경에 노출된 철근 콘크리트구조물의 내구성을 평가하기 위해서는 콘크리트의 미세구조적 특성 및 염화물 침투성에 대한 콘크리트의 확산 저항성을 동시에 분석하는 것이 중요하다. 이 연구에서는 고로슬래그 미분말(GGBS)을 혼합한 콘크리트에 대하여 수은압입법(MIP)에 의해 얻어진 콘크리트의 미세공극 구조와 장기 및 단기 재령의 염화물 확산성과의 상관성에 대하여 연구하였다. 물시멘트비는 40, 45, 50%로 변화시키고, 단위시멘트량을 300, 350, 400, 450 kg/$m^3$으로 변화시킨 OPC 및 GGBS 콘크리트 시편에 대하여 동결융해에 의해 손상된 GGBS 콘크리트에서의 확산성과 미세구조의 변화를 관찰하였다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국건축시공학회 2015년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
• /
• pp.50-51
• /
• 2015

In marine and coastal environments, penetration of chloride ions is one of the main mechanisms causing concrete reinforcement corrosion. Currently, most of experimental investigations about submerged penetration of chloride ions are started after the four weeks standard curing of concrete. The further hydration of cement and reduction of chloride diffusivity during submerged penetration period are ignored. To overcome this weak point, this paper presents a numerical procedure to analyze simultaneously cement hydration reaction and chloride ion penetration process. First, using a cement hydration model, degree of hydration and phase volume fractions of hardening concrete are determined. Second, the dependences of chloride diffusivity and chloride binding capacity on age of concrete are clarified. Third, chloride profiles in hardening concrete are calculated. The proposed numerical procedure is verified by using chloride penetration test results of concrete with different mixing proportions.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 2009

해양환경 하에 건설되는 콘크리트구조물은 다양한 염해 환경에 노출되어 있으며, 이중 염소이온의 침투 및 확산으로 인한 콘크리트 중의 철근부식과 화학적 침식 등은 콘크리트구조물의 주요 성능저하 요인으로 지적되고 있다. 따라서 해수 중의 염소이온의 침투 및 확산 메커니즘을 효율적으로 평가하기 위하여 전기화학적 촉진시험으로부터 염소이온의 확산계수를 추정하였다. 또한 콘크리트의 압축강도, 투수공극량 및 염소이온의 침투깊이 등과 염소이온의 확산계수와의 상관관계를 분석하기 위하여 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 시험결과에 의하면, 물-시멘트비 40~60%의 범위에서 보통콘크리트의 염소이온 확산계수는 $2.5{\sim}6.6{\times}10^{-12}m^2/s$ 정도였으며, 염소이온의 확산계수와 콘크리트의 물성과의 상관관계는 선형의 상관관계가 있었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.345-351
• /
• 2003

The transport characteristics of deleterious ions such as chlorides depend on the pore structures of concrete and are the major factors in the durability of concrete structures in subjected to chloride attack such as in marine environments. In this paper, the effect of the pore structure on compressive strength and chloride diffusivity of concrete was investigated. Six types of concretes were tested. The pore volume of concrete containing mineral admixtures increased in the range of 3∼30nm due to micro filling effect of hydrates of the mineral admixtures. There was a good correlation between the median pore diameter, the pore volume above 50nm and compressive strength of concrete, but there was not a significant correlation between the total pore volume and compressive strength. The relationship between compressive strength and chloride diffusivity were not well correlated, however, pore volume above 50nm were closely related to the chloride diffusion coefficient.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.665-670
• /
• 2001

The studies on chloride diffusion of concrete have been done so far by many researchers. However, there are few studies that present the effects of other attacks on chloride diffusion properties. Therefore, in this study the experiments are carried out to show the effects of combined attacks, such as carbonation, sulfate attacks, on chloride diffusivity in concrete. The specimens are made by varying cement type and replacement ratio of fly ash. The results show that cement type and replacement of fly ash do not affect greatly chloride diffusion properties. And concrete treated by combined attacks show a little higher chloride content than those treated by chloride solution only. Therefore, the effects of these factors should be taken into account in predicting the penetration of chloride ion in concrete.