• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2005

In this paper, we consider the estimation of the correlation coefficient in the bivariate normal distribution, based on a sample obtained using a modification of the moving extreme ranked set sampling technique (MERSS) that was introduced by Al-Saleh and Al-Hadhrami (2003a). The modification involves using a concomitant random variable. Nonparametric-type methods as well as the maximum likelihood estimation are considered under different settings. The obtained estimators are compared to their counterparts that are obtained based simple random sampling (SRS). It appears that the suggested estimators are more efficient

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.283-296
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• 2018

Ranked set sampling, as introduced by McIntyre (Australian Journal of Agriculture Research, 3, 385-390, 1952), dealt with the estimation of the mean of one population. To deal with two or more variables, different forms of bivariate and multivariate ranked set sampling were suggested. For a technique to be useful, it should be easy to implement in practice. Bivariate ranked set sampling, as introduced by Al-Saleh and Zheng (Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics, 44, 221-232, 2002), is not easy to implement in practice, because it requires the judgment ranking of each of the combination of the order statistics of the two characteristics. This paper investigates two modifications that make the method easier to use. The first modification is based on ranking one variable and noting the rank of the other variable for one cycle, and do the reverse for another cycle. The second approach is based on ranking of one variable and giving the second variable the same rank (Concomitant Order Statistic) for one cycle and do the reverse for the other cycle. The two procedures are investigated for an estimation of the means of some well-known distributions. It is show that the suggested approaches can be used in practice and can be more efficient than using SRS. A real data set is used to illustrate the procedure.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.95-103
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of attitude toward the oriental medicine for 10 years. Methods : A questionnaire was done about general characteristic of patient, the decision-maker of use and the reason of choice or alteration for oriental medicine hospital. Results : The results of this survey are as follows: For 10 years, sex ratio of outpatients is similar, but age distribution is even at all ages. The choice for oriental medicine is more determined by oneself than by others. The recommenders are more variable increasingly. The most common cause of moving from western medicine is to get the more effective treatment. The more the concomitant users are increasing, the more the patients that did not give notice to the western doctor about the dual therapies is increasing, also. The most frequent reason without a notice is "being afraid of western doctor's bias". Conclusions : The appropriate transfer system between oriental and western clinic must be constructed and the proper recognition about dual therapies will be needed among patients and especially dual doctors.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1994.06a
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• pp.644-649
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• 1994

Recent studies reveal that grip forces due to repeated mechanical vasocompressions are most significant for the genesis of vibration-induced which finger syndrome (VWF). Therefore, exerted grip force was regarded as a dependent variable in 2 experiments and the effects of noise and vibrations of different weighted acceleration levels were studied. Neither grip forces nor peripheral blood flow as indicated by finger skin temperature were influenced by noise or vibrations. the cause of VWF is therefore presumed to be a concomitant variable which correlates with weighted accelerations and with grip forces as well. A possible factor is the weight of hand-held vibrating tools.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.133-141
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• 2010

This research suggests a unified scheme for using stratified sampling and control variates method to improve the efficiency of estimation for parameters in simulation experiments. We utilize standardized concomitant variables defined during the course of simulation runs. We first use these concomitant variables to counteract the unknown error of response by the method of control variates, then use a concomitant variable not used in the controlled response and stratify the response into appropriate strata to reduce the variation of controlled response additionally. In case that the covariance between the response and a set of control variates is known, we identify the simulation efficiency of suggested method using control variates and stratified sampling. We conjecture the simulation efficiency of this method is better than that achieved by separated application of either control variates or stratified sampling in a simulation experiments. We investigate such an efficiency gain through simulation on a selected model.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 2005

Purpose: Acute traumatic peroneal tendon dislocation is relatively rare disease and their methods of treatment is controversial, that we want to assess the characters and outcomes of 8 patients with early surgical treatments. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the results of 8 patients who can follow up more than 28 months using sex, age, side, injury sports, concomitant injuries, Eckert and Davis classifications, anatomic variants, results and complications. Results: All of 8 patients was male, average age was 27, Right side was dominant (5/8), causal sports was variable. Concomitant injuries were distal tibiofibular ligament syndesmosis injury, Peroneus longus injury, lateral collateral ligament injury. On behalf of Eckert and Davis classifications 5 patients were Grade 1 and other 3 patients were Grade 2. 1 case of low lying peroneus brevis belly was found as an anatomic variants. 6 of patients shown excellent results, 2 patients were good. Post operative complications were discomfort of operation site and mild limited dorsiflexion on ankle joint. Conclusion: Careful history and physical exam is important for diagnosis. And surgical treatments can expect good results.

• Korean Journal of Family Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.325-332
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• 2018

Background: Hypertension is a major contributor to the global disease burden of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine demographic and clinical factors associated with adherence to antihypertensive medication. Methods: From August 2012 to February 2015, we recruited 1,523 Korean patients with hypertension who visited family physicians. The study was conducted in 24 facilities located in urban and metropolitan areas. Of these facilities, two were primary care clinics and 22 were level 2 or 3 hospitals. Adherence was assessed using the pill count method; a cut-off value of 80% was used as the criterion for good adherence. Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were compared between the adherent and nonadherent groups using the chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed with medication adherence as the outcome variable. Results: Of the 1,523 patients, 1,245 (81.7%) showed good adherence to antihypertensive medication. In the multivariate logistic analysis, age ${\geq}65$ years, exercise, treatment in a metropolitan-located hospital, being on ${\geq}2$ classes of antihypertensive medication and concomitant medication for diabetes, and a family history of hypertension or cardiovascular diseases were associated with good adherence. Patients who had a habit of high salt intake were less adherent to medication. Conclusion: Multiple classes of antihypertensive medications, concomitant medication, and exercise were associated with good adherence to antihypertensive medication, and high salt intake was associated with poor adherence to antihypertensive medication. These factors should be considered to improve hypertension control.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.413-423
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng berries (GBs) show temporal metabolic variations among different maturation stages, determining their organoleptic and functional properties. Methods: We analyzed metabolic variations concomitant to five different maturation stages of GBs including immature green (IG), mature green (MG), partially red (PR), fully red (FR), and overmature red (OR) using mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomic profiling and multivariate analyses. Results: The partial least squares discriminant analysis score plot based on gas chromatography-MS datasets highlighted metabolic disparity between preharvest (IG and MG) and harvest/postharvest (PR, FR, and OR) GB extracts along PLS1 (34.9%) with MG distinctly segregated across PLS2 (18.2%). Forty-three significantly discriminant primary metabolites were identified encompassing five developmental stages (variable importance in projection > 1.0, p < 0.05). Among them, most amino acids, organic acids, 5-C sugars, ethanolamines, purines, and palmitic acid were detected in preharvest GB extracts, whereas 6-C sugars, phenolic acid, and oleamide levels were distinctly higher during later maturation stages. Similarly, the partial least squares discriminant analysis based on liquid chromatography-MS datasets displayed preharvest and harvest/postharvest stages clustered across PLS1 (11.1 %); however, MG and PR were separated from IG, FR, and OR along PLS2 (5.6 %). Overall, 24 secondary metabolites were observed significantly discriminant (variable importance in projection > 1.0, p < 0.05), with most displaying higher relative abundance during preharvest stages excluding ginsenosides Rg1 and Re. Furthermore, we observed strong positive correlations between total flavonoid and phenolic metabolite contents in GB extracts and antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Comprehending the dynamic metabolic variations associated with GB maturation stages rationalize their optimal harvest time per se the related agroeconomic traits.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1570-1577
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• 1992

The vascular surgery is the field that has developed in early 20 century and is progressing nowadays. Recent advance in surgical technique accompanying with excellent medical diagnosis and treatment, prompt angiographic usage, development of variable prosthetic material, and concomitant use of anti-coagulant have made remarkable results of vascular surgery. 83 cases of vascular surgery have been performed at Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Pusan National Unversity Hosaital since 1971 till 1990, for 20 years and their results are followed. Patient ductus arteriosus and Buerger`s disease were omited in this study. 1. The age distribution shows that the fifth and sixth decades are most frequently affected and mean age was 56.1 years old. Male to female ratio is 1: 2.32. 2. Among the 83 cases of all, number of occlusive vascular disease is 46 and that of aneurysmal disease is 33. 3. In clinical manifestation, most common symptom of occlusive disease is pulselessness and pain was next. Mass sensation is most commonly complained by patients of aneurysmal disease. 4. CT scan was more important in diagnosis of aneurysmal diseases and angiogram was more commonly used in occlusive diseases. 5. The common site of arterial occlusion was common iliac artery, femoral artery, aortic bifurcation, and external iliac artery, as its frequency rate. The most commonly affecting portion of aortic aneurysm was abdminal aorta, and descending thoracic aorta and femoral artery were next 6. Preoperative associated diseases were atherosclerosis[41 cases], hypertension[21 cases], valvular heart disease[11 cases], and diabetes mellitus[9 cases], etc, 7. Operative methods in ocllusive diseases were thrombectomy[36.9%], endarterectomy [10.9%], and bypass graft insertion[52.7%]. Among the bypass graft, Y-graft was used in 7 case, straight graft was used in 17 cases, and saphenous venous graft was used in 2 cases. 8. Postoperative complications were developed in 17 cases, and morbidity rate was 36. 9. Eleven patient were died within 1 month after operation, so operative mortality rate was 13.3%. 10. Duration of patency was beteween 7 and 58 months[average 27.5 months] in occlusive diseases and their 5-year patency rate was 56.3%. Duration of patency of aneurysmal disease was 20 months in aveage and their 5-year patency rate was 51.3%. 11. Patients of eleven cases of occlusive disease and two cases of aneurysmal disease required reoperation for variable reason. 12. 35 cases of patient have used anticoagulants: coumadin, ticlid, and persanthin-ASA combination.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1999

Effects of Panax ginseng on the morphine toxicity were studied in relation to its effects on the opioid receptor-G protein interactions. Morphine treatments (3 days) reduced the body weight increment rate and the weight of the thymus and spleen. These changes were usually recovered by the concomitant administration of ginseng total saponin (GTS) but occasionally further deteriorated. This discrepancy was studied in relation to the opioid receptor coupling to G protein, that is, the effects of morphine and GTS on the opioid receptors were studied using the antagonist-agonist competitive binding studies. When GTS recovered the morphine toxicity, morphine shifted the striatal $\delta$ receptors to slightly higher affinity state, and this was partly recovered by the GTS treatment. However, morphine did not have any effect on the affinity state of $\delta$ receptor from NG108-15 cells, suggesting that additional factors were needed for the modulation of the affinity states of $\delta$ receptor. Effects of morphine and GTS on $\mu$ receptor were complicate and variable, and we could not reach a clear conclusion. The morphine toxicity might accompany complicate biological involvements, and the modulation of the affinity states of the opioid receptors might explain a part of the effects of GTS on the morphine toxicity.