• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.54 no.12
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• pp.1035-1044
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• 2016

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the plaque removal effects of vacuum oral cleaner developed for the patients with limited mobility with those of manual toothbrushes and high pressure injection oral cleaner (dental water jet). Meterials and methods : Thirty human subjects were measured with Patient Hygiene Performance index (PHP index) and O'Leary index before and after the use of toothbrush, high pressure injection oral cleaner and vacuum oral cleaner. These three different oral hygiene methods were conducted with seven-day intermittence. Then the statistical analysis was carried out to define plaque removal rate of three different oral hygiene methods (${\alpha}=.05$). Results : According to the efficacy analysis of plaque removal before and after the oral cleaning using each of three methods, significant reduction in plaque after the treatment compared to the previous state when using toothbrush, high pressure injection oral cleaner, and vacuum oral cleaner was observed (P < 0.001). PHP index of tooth brushing was higher than that of the high pressure injection oral cleaner, while PHP index of vacuum oral cleaner did not show significant difference from either of the other two methods. There was no significance difference in O'Leary index among the three methods. Conclusion : Effect of plaque removal using the vacuum oral cleaner is comparable to that of manual tooth brush or high pressure injection oral cleaner, so it will be helpful for self-oral hygiene care of the patients with limited mobility.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.10-24
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• 2014

In-vehicle warning information systems(IWIS) is an effective countermeasure for preventing traffic crashes. It provides drivers with warnng messages about upcoming hazards to draw proper evasive maneuvering. This study developed a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of IWIS based on an integrated index to identify driver's responsive behavior. The proposed index consists of characteristics of longitudinal and lateral behavior of vehicle maneuverings. Also, a method to assign mixed-weights in the context of multi-criteria decision making framework was adopted to develop the evaluation method. It is expected that the outcome of this study is useful in designing more effective in-vehicle warning information systems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.35-42
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• 2020

This study evaluated the importance between the major indicators of living SOC in small and medium cities. AHP layer analysis was performed on a group of experts and their importance and priorities were evaluated. The results of the assessment are as follows: First, the village(walking) living zone was considered relatively more important than the local hub(vehicle) living zone. Second, the importance of health care in the local hub(vehicle) living area was assessed to be the most important in the comprehensive evaluation. Third, medical care, care, education and convenience in the village(walking) living area were ranked second, third, fourth and fifth, respectively. Fourth, the relative importance of physical education, learning, physical education, learning, relaxation, culture and village(walking) living areas in the local hub(vehicle) living areas were valued low. It is necessary to seek living SOC policies and directions in consideration of the special nature of urban social structure in small and medium-sized cities in Korea.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.793-799
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• 2023

This study classifies the types of urban railway stations that reflect the location characteristics of urban railway stations, the structure and form of station taxes, and the number of users, and the level of inconvenience in the transfer movement line for users by station type, the number and connectivity of transfer information, and the level of transfer convenience facilities. The number of installations, conflicts between users, and transfer information signs were analyzed. As a result of data analysis, it was found that the factors that cause the most inconvenience to urban rail users when transferring are the length and curvature of the transfer line, pedestrian density and number of passengers in the transfer passage, presence or absence of transportation convenience facilities, and the size and height of transfer information letters. These transfer inconveniences were objectified, quantified, and presented as evaluation indicators that can measure the transfer convenience of urban railway stations. Additionally, an evaluation scale was developed to measure the service level for each evaluation indicator. The evaluation scale for each indicator presented six levels by applying linear interpolation based on the maximum and minimum values of data derived through field surveys. However, it is judged that a comprehensive evaluation of transfer convenience that combines the importance and weight of each convenience evaluation indicator should be established through future research.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.373-380
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• 2008

The Ministry of Environment plans to improve quality of water which is achieved over 85% in rivers and 94% in lakes of the whole country as "Good Water" until 2015. Also, the law of evaluation of water quality and water quality goal were made newly. So, the water quality has evaluated by using new law since 2007. This study evaluated whether "Good Water" and" Water Quality Goal" were achieved or not in 22 middle-sized districts and major 10 lakes of Geum river. The achievement rates of rivers decreased and the achievement rates of lakes mostly were the same for 5 years. In 2007, the achievement rates of "Good Water" were 50% in rivers and 50% in lakes. The achievement rate of "Water Quality Goal" were 59.1% in rivers and 20% in lakes. The water quality in 2007 was evaluated worse than last year in case of rivers. The evaluations of Korea-Comprehensive Water Quality Index(K-CWQI) showed that achievement rates of "Water Quality Goal" were 81.8% in rivers and 0% in lakes. The statistical correlation analysis showed that correlations between BOD and COD were meaningful at the downstream, compared to upstream, generally. In case of lakes, correlations between COD and temperature were meaningful. Also, correlations between COD and Chl-a were meaningful. The Trophic State Index ($TSI_{KO}$) showed that the half of lakes are major over eutrophic status in lakes. These analytical methods such as K-CWQI, $TSI_{KO}$, statistical correlation analysis could be additionally helpful for evaluation of water quality and provide basis data for understanding characteristics of watershed in Geum river.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.5 no.4 s.19
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• pp.71-78
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• 2005

The principal basic concepts of aseismic design minimize damage of human-life and have little probability during life of structures. For detailed understanding of the design, the best reasonable countermeasure can be possible equally the smallest damage of human-life and economic loss. As a result, it can be achieved by notion of not structure-centered but city-centered, the notion is actualized by development of a macro-level evaluation. A seismic damage between city and country is different. And the larger the city then, the greater the loss by rather collateral hazards than collapse of structures. Hence, the macro-evaluation of an earthquake disaster is suitable for an old city where is center of political and economic activity, and is concentration of population and infrastructure. This study aims to develop comprehensive earthquake desaster risk index, and assesses relative earthquake risk of six zones in Seoul metropolitan area.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2018

Background: Respiratory protection equipment (RPE) is the last resort to control exposure to workplace air pollutants. A comprehensive respiratory protection program (RPP) ensures that RPE is selected, used, and cared properly. Therefore, RPP must be well integrated into the occupational health and safety requirements. In this study, we evaluated the implementation of RPP in Iranian petrochemical industries to identify the required solutions to improve the current status of respiratory protection. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 24 petrochemical industries in Iran. The survey instrument was a checklist extracted from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration respiratory protection standard. An index, Respiratory Protection Program Index (RPPI), was developed and weighted by analytic hierarchy process to determine the compliance rate (CR) of provided respiratory protection measures with the RPP standard. Data analysis was performed using Excel 2010. Results: The most important element of RPP, according to experts, was respiratory hazard evaluation. The average value of RPPI in the petrochemical plants was $49{\pm}15%$. The highest and lowest of CR among RPP elements were RPE selection and medical evaluation, respectively. Conclusion: None of studied petrochemical industries implemented RPP completely. This can lead to employees' overexposure to hazardous workplace air contaminants. Increasing awareness of employees and employers through training is suggested by this study to improve such conditions.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.20-28
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• 2016

A Ubiquitous City (U-city, Smart City) is one that ties information communications technologies (ICT) into many facets of city construction, thereby implicitly intending to function as a smart city that aims to be efficiently managed as well as provide an enhanced standard of living for its residents. Laws related to the construction of such ubiquitous cities point to integrated city management centers, intelligent facilities, and U-City infrastructure, among others, as central components of U-Cities, but do not provide a standard for these structures. Consequently, building of U-Cities by local governments are based on arbitrary judgments constrained the myriad of practical limitations that they face. Such ambiguity brings to light the need to find ways to improve the quality of these efforts. The first and second stages of this research examine the status of the components of a U-City -ubiquitous planning, technology, infrastructure, and services - and undertakes a comprehensive review thereof, with evaluation criteria formulated on the characteristics of stability, connectivity, goal-orientation, and development potential. In the research's third stage, a realistic and detailed evaluation index by which U-Cities can be renewed, demonstrated, and applied (???) is introduced in a step-by-step fashion, which will allow for local governments to properly assess the standard of their U-City in relation to the realities of the locality. Through the research result, it is expected that the index will become a part of the continued development and advancement of the "smart" character of an autonomous U-City at the local scale, and contribute to the overall revitalization of the U-City.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2023

Due to climate change, the occurrence of abnormal rainfall is increasing, and the intensity and scale of damage caused by heavy rain are increasing every year. In addition, as the frequency of heavy rains becomes more frequent, heavy rains often occur continuously, resulting in large flooding damage that has never been seen before in urban area. When near rivers and coastal areas are impermeable areas, the maximum flow increases rapidly as the rainfall intensity increases, so a comprehensive flood risk evaluation is needed considering the characteristics of the basin. In this study, the flood inundation risk evaluation was analyzed by giving scores on evaluation factors as a measure to prevent inundation in subway stations. Through the flood inundation risk evaluation process considering the comprehensive evaluation index, the flood risk evaluation was conducted on five urban railway stations with a large amount of traffic and floating population that had been inundated in the past. It is judged that by comprehensively analyzing this and establishing a inundation risk grade (grade 1 to 4) to establish a flood measure suitable for the risk grade.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2004.03b
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• pp.517-524
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• 2004

The leading cause of bridge failures is scouring bed material from around bridge foundations. Many advanced countries such as U.S.A., U.K., the Netherlands and New Zealand have developed and revised their own bridge scour manuals fit for their field conditions. In Korea, researches for reducing bridge failures during floods have concentrated on analysis, laboratory test and countermeasure of bridge scour during the last ten years. however no comprehensive manual for evaluating bridge scour and for identifying the conditions of bridge foundations has been provided yet. In this study, a new bridge scour manual is developed for the accurate evaluation of bridge scour, which reflects domestic field conditions with various streambed materials. The SRICOS method and the Erodibility Index Method are suggested for fine-grained soils and weathered rocks, respectively. In addition, bridge scour analysis algorithms are developed for field engineers to estimate bridge scour depth and to evaluate the susceptibility of bridge scour with ease.