• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.128-132
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• 1983

The apple seed contained 25.96% of crude fat and 37.62% of crude protein. The lipid fractions obtained by cilicic column chromatography were mainly composed of about 93.52% neutral lipid, whereas compound lipid was only 6.48% level. Among the neutral lipid separated by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 92.17%, sterol ester, sterol, diglyceride and free fatty acid were 3.53, 2.25, 1.44 and 0.56, respectively. The predominent fatty acids of total and neutral lipids were linoleic acid (59.79-69.37%) and oleic acid (20.04-29.82%), but those of glycolipid and phojspholipid were linoleic acid (29.20-36.04%). The major fatty acids of triglyceride separated from neutral lipid were oleic acid (44.31%), linoleic acid (36.66%) and palmitic acid (12.48%). The salt soluble protein of apple seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing about 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was 37%, Glutamic acid was the major amino acid in salt soluble protein, followed by arginine and aspartic acid. The eletrophoretic analysis showed three bands in apple seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by Sephadex G-100 and G-200 was 76.6%. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine were the major amino acids of the main apple seed protein. The molecular weight for the main protein of the apple seed was estimated to be 45,000.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.186-189
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• 2011

The transitivity of Chemical constituents by Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in different raw sawdusts, which are Juglans mandchurica, Cudrania tricuspidata and Lindera glauca, was investigated. The HPLC chromatography patterns on the chemical constituents of P. ostreatus showed the similar chromatography patterns in all different raw sawdusts and control sawdust. The unknown chemical constituents of P. ostreatus cultivated in the 10%, 20% mixed medium added 10 %, 20% different raw sawdusts, respectively, were increased. But the significance results in the mixed medium added 50% different raw sawdusts were not showed. The chromatography patterns of mycelia grown in media added the 80% MeOH extracts of three tree species showed the similar patterns in comparison with control mycelia. In the results, the secondary metabolites of functional media were not degrade and changed to other derivatives compounds by P. ostreatus.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.194-197
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• 2011

The transitivity of Chemical constituents by Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in different raw sawdusts, which are Acer tegmentosum MAX, Rhus verniciflura, was investigated. The HPLC chromatography patterns on the chemical constituents of P. ostreatus showed the similar chromatography patterns in the different raw sawdusts and control sawdust. The unknown chemical constituents of P. ostreatus cultivated in the mixed medium added 10 %, 20% raw sawdusts, respectively, were increased. But the significance results in the mixed medium added 50% raw sawdusts were not showed. The chromatography patterns of mycelia grown in media added the 80% MeOH extracts of A. tegmentosum and R. verniciflura showed the similar patterns in comparison with control mycelia. In the results, the secondary metabolites of functional media were not degrade and changed to other derivatives compounds by P. ostreatus.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.345-351
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• 2006

This study investigates the toxic effects of $Cd^{2+}$on frog (Rana dybowskii) by the determination of oocyte maturation and development of embryo exposure to different concentrations of the toxicant. The results show that $Cd^{2+}$ concentration of 0.1ppm suppressed the maturation of the oocytes. To examine the reversibility of the inhibitory effects, the oocytes were exposed to the $Cd^{2+}$ only for 3 hours, and then transferred to plain medium and cultured further for 17 hours. The oocytes were recovered from the toxic effect of the $Cd^{2+}$ when they were exposed to 1ppm, but not to 2.5ppm of the $Cd^{2+}$. The development of 2 cell embryos to 32 cell was completely suppressed at 0.1ppm and the longer the embryos were exposed to the $Cd^{2+}$, the more damage appeared to the embryos and the cytolysis of the 32 cell was induced by $Cd^{2+}$ at 0.1ppm. On the other hand, the embryos of blastula stage were cultured 96 hours in presence of the $Cd^{2+}$ at various concentrations and were examined. The rates of mortality and malformed larvae were investigated by probit analysis. From the results of LC$_{50}$ of 0.1ppm and EC$_{50}$ of 0.08ppm, Tl of 5.0 was derived, which indicates $Cd^{2+}$ is to be considered a teratogenic compound. Such specific malformations occurred in 14.3% as spine deformations at the 0.05ppm, in 75.0% as tail deformations at the 0.1ppm, in 66.7% as abdominal deformations at the 0.01ppm and in 26.0% as profound deformations at the 0.1ppm of $Cd^{2+}$ concentration which living embryos were exposed to. $Cd^{2+}$ suppressed growth to head-tail length at 0.1ppm. In conclusion, The study results reveal that $Cd^{2+}$ must be considered highly toxic effect to oocyte maturation and embryonic development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 1983

In order to find out the possibility of utilizing red pepper seed as food resources of fats and proteins, a series of studies were conducted. The red pepper seed contained 27.6% of crude fat and 22.2% of crude protein. The lipid fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of 95.4% neutral lipid, where as compound lipid were 4.6%. Among the neutral lipid separated by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 85.6%, sterol ester 4.9%, free fatty acids 3.4%, diglyceride 2.5%, sterol 2.2% and monoglyceride 1.1%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids of red pepper seed oil were linoleic acid (57.1-75.4%), palmitic acid (13.9-21.3%) and oleic acid (8.0-15.1%), especially glycolipid contained 1.7% of linolenic acid and small amount of myristic acid and arachidic acid. The salt soluble protein of red pepper seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was about 25.0%. Glutamic acid and arginine were major amino acids of red pepper seed protein. The electrophoretic analysis showed 6 bands in seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by sephadex G-100 and G-200 was about 62.2%. Glutamic acid (19.9%) was major amino acid of the main protein, followed by glycine and alanine. The molecular weight of the main protein was estimated to be 93,000.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 1982

A series of studies were conducted to find out the possibility of utilizing grape seed as resources of food fats and proteins, and the results of the studies are as follows: The grape seed contained 25.1%, of crude fat and 12.0% of crude protein. The lipid, fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of about 95.5% neutral lipid, whereas compound lipid was only 4.5% level. Among the neutral lipid by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 91.89%, sterol ester, sterol, diglyceride and free fatty acid were 3.24%, 2.87%, 1.20% and 0.80%, respectively The predominant fatty acids of total and neutral lipids were linoleic acid $(69.72{\sim}71.72%)$ and oleic acid $18.09{\sim}19.46%)$, but those of glycolipid and phospolipid were linoleic acid $(31.49{\sim}38.18%)$, oleic acid $(20.20{\sim}35.27%)$ and palmitic acid $(26.80{\sim}39.98%)$. The major fatty acids of triglyceride separated from neutral lipid were oleic acid (43.08%), linoleic acid (38.42%) and palmitic acid (11.60%). The salt soluble protein of grape seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing about 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was 31%. Glutamic acid was the major amino acid in salt soluble protein, followed by arginine and aspartic acid. The electrophoretic analysis showed 3 bands in grape seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by Sephadex G-100 and G-200 was 82%. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine were the major amino acids of the main grape seed protein. The molecular weight for the main protein of the grape seed was estimated to be 81,000.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.705-715
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• 2010

The adoption of carbon foot print system is being activated mostly in the developed countries as one of the long-term response towards tightened up regulations and standards on carbon emission in the agricultural sector. The Korean Ministry of Environment excluded the primary agricultural products from the carbon foot print system due to lack of LCI (life cycle inventory) database in agriculture. Therefore, the research on and establishment of LCI database in the agriculture for adoption of carbon foot print system is urgent. Development of LCA (life cycle assessment) methodology for application of LCA to agricultural environment in Korea is also very important. Application of LCA methodology to agricultural environment in Korea is an early stage. Therefore, this study was carried out to find out the effect of lettuce cultivation on agricultural environment by establishing LCA methodology. Data collection of agricultural input and output for establishing LCI was carried out by collecting statistical data and documents on income from agro and livestock products prepared by RDA. LCA methodology for agriculture was reviewed by investigating LCA methodology and LCA applications of foreign countries. Results based on 1 kg of lettuce production showed that inputs including N, P, organic fertilizers, compound fertilizers and crop protectants were the main sources of major emission factor during lettuce cropping process. The amount of inputs considering the amount of active ingredients was required to estimate the actual quantity of the inputs used. Major emissions due to agricultural activities were $N_2O$ (emission to air) and ${NO_3}^-$/${PO_4}^-$ (emission to water) from fertilizers, organic compounds from pesticides and air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion in using agricultural machines. The softwares for LCIA (life cycle impact assessment) and LCA used in Korea are 'PASS' and 'TOTAL' which have been developed by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy and the Ministry of Environment. However, the models used for the softwares are the ones developed in foreign countries. In the future, development of models and optimization of factors for characterization, normalization and weighting suitable to Korean agricultural environment need to be done for more precise LCA analysis in the agricultural area.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.8-19
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• 1989

The proportion of imported wood has been now over 80% of raw materials needed in the wood industry, and therefore, many of studies on the substitution of domestic wood for imported wood and on the increasing the utilization rate of domestic species have been attempted and considered as very important projects to solve. But these trials were practically restricted by several disadvantages of domestic species. such as a small diameter, variety of species, and irregularity of wood physical or chemical characteristics, etc. From a this point of view, this study was carried out to investigate solid wood bending properties of sample trees and then to develop their end uses. The species of sample trees were Pinus densiflora S. et Z., Pinus rigida Mill., and Larix leptolepis Gord. which have large growing stocks but Pinus rigida and Larix leptolepis have not been used well because of their poor qualities. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The optimum conditions for solid wood bending processing of Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, and Larix leptolepis are showed in Table 6. 2. The minimum solid-bending radii of Pinus densifjora, Pinus rigida, and Larix ieptolepls were 260mm, 240mm, and 300mm, respectively in steaming treatment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.92-96
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• 2011

Rhodococcus sp. strain DK17 possesses three megaplasmids (380 kb pDK1, 330 kb pDK2, and 750 kb pDK3). The alkylbenzene-degrading genes (akbABCDEF) are present on pDK2 while the phthalate operons which are duplicated are present on both pDK2 (ophA'B'C'R') and pDK3 (ophABCR). DK17 with an optimal temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ showed no growth at $37^{\circ}C$. When transferred to $30^{\circ}C$, however, the $37^{\circ}C$ culture began to grow immediately, indicating that $37^{\circ}C$ is not lethal but stressful for DK17 growth. In addition, when exposed to $37^{\circ}C$ even for a short time, a part of DK17 cells lost the ability to degrade o-xylene (a model compound of alkylbenzenes). When two hundred colonies were randomly selected for colony PCR for pDK2-specific akbC, ophC', or pDK3-specific ophC, a total of 29 colonies were found to have lost at least one of the three genes. PFGE analysis clearly showed that all the mutants have different megaplasmid profiles from that of DK17 wild type, which are divided into five different cases: Type I (10 mutants, pDK2 loss and acquisition of a new ~700 kb plasmid), Type II (9 mutants, pDK2 loss), Type III (8 mutants, pDK3 loss and acquisition of a new ~400 kb plasmid), Type IV (1 mutant, pDK3 loss), and Type V (1 mutant, pDK2 and pDK3 loss and acquisition of the ~400 kb and ~700 kb plasmids). The above results showing that growth temperature changes can induce physical changes in bacterial genomes suggest that environmental changes in habitats including temperature fluctuations affect significantly the evolution of bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.465-473
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• 2004

Purpose : The essential triad for nerve regeneration is nerve conduit, supporting cell and neurotrophic factor. In order to improve the peripheral nerve regeneration, we used polyglycolic acid(PGA) tube and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) gene transfected Schwann cells in sciatic nerve defects of SD rat. Materials and methods : Nerve conduits were made with PGA sheet and outer surface was coated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) for mechanical strength and control the resorption rate. The diameter of conduit was 1.8mm and the length was 17mm Schwann cells were harvested from dorsal root ganglion(DRG) of SD rat aged 1 day. Schwann cells were cultured on the PGA sheet to test the biocompatibility adhesion of Schwann cell. Human BDNF gene was obtained from cDNA library and amplified using PCR. BDNF gene was inserted into E1 deleted region of adenovirus shuttle vector, pAACCMVpARS. BDNF-adenovirus was multiplied in 293 cells and purified. The BDNF-Adenovirus was then infected to the cultured Schwann cells. Left sciatic nerve of SD rat (250g weighing) was exposed and 14mm defects were made. After bridging the defect with PGA conduit, culture medium(MEM), Schwann cells or BDNF-Adenovirus infected Schwann cells were injected into the lumen of conduit, respectively. 12 weeks after operation, gait analysis for sciatic function index, electrophysiology and histomorphometry was performed. Results : Cultured Schwann cells were well adhered to PGA sheet. Sciatic index of BDNF transfected group was $-53.66{\pm}13.43$ which was the best among three groups. The threshold of compound action potential was between 800 to $1000{\mu}A$ in experimental groups which is about 10 times higher than normal sciatic nerve. Conduction velocity and peak voltage of action potential of BDNF group was the highest among experimental groups. The myelin thickness and axonal density of BDNF group was significantly greater than the other groups. Conclusion : BDNF gene transfected Schwann cells could regenerate the sciatic nerve gap(14mm) of rat successfully.