• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.113-121
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of functional ingredients with supplementation as a bulking agent in composting of swine manure. Treatments were T1 & T5 ; Swine mature+Vermiculite, T2 & T6 ; Swine manure+Perlite, T3 & T7 ; Swine manure+Vermiculite+Perlite, T4 & T8 ; Swine manure+Bark. T1, T2, T3 and T4 were supplemented with functional ingredients on d 0 of composting, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were supplemented with functional ingredients on d 3 of composting. Functional ingredients were Fermkito and Yucca. During the composting period, changes of temperature were showed traditionally composting trend. Volatile fatty acids were decreased regardless of treatments in functional ingredients supplementation. Organic matter, T-N and C/N ratio were showed higher bark treatments than other treatments. pH and EC were net differences among the treatments. P$_2$O$_{5}$ and $K_2$O were showed level of 1-3%. In heavy metal, Cr were showed higher in vermiculite treatment than other treatments. In conclusion, vermiculite and perlite treatments were greater composting effects than bark.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.178-187
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Spent coffee grounds are the most valuable resource for agriculture and industry. However, it is almost thrown untreated into landfills or incineration. Composting is an efficient process for converting spent coffee to fertilizer. METHODS AND RESULTS: Composting was conducted in the compost pile (40 ㎥) equipped with a forced aeration system. Physical and chemical properties containing temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and moisture were measured through the composting period. Moreover, biological changes were examined for the composting phase using Illumina Miseq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We found 7-14 phyla comprising 250-716 species from a variety phase of compost. During the composting period, Firmicutes were dominated, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. CONCLUSION: The result indicated that the use of spent coffee improved the quality of organic fertilizer and changed the microbial communities, unique to the thermal composting stage, which could enhance the composting process. These findings suggest that spent coffee composted material can provide a significant amount of nutrients, thereby supporting plant growth.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 1998

To study the possibility of agricultural utilization of sewage sludge, the changes of the substances physico-chemical and microbiological properties composting periods such as inorganic matter, the form of organic matter and nitrogen and the kinds and the population number of microorganisms were investigated. The results were summarized as follows ; Temperature and $CO_2$ generation, they were the highest in the second day of composting periods and then were gradually fallen. pH value was not changed in first day during composting periods, but in second day was rapidly increased and then it was constant of the range of 8.4∼8.6. The contents of $P_2O,\;K_2O$, CaO and Fe were a little increased during composting periods, while that of ${SO_4}^{2-}$and Mn were big increased with 253${\sim}$331% and 191${\sim}$208% in late composting periods in comparing with early composting periods, respectively. The contents of ether extracted materials, water soluble polysaccharides, hemicellulose and cellulose were decreased but that of resins and lignin were not changed during composting periods. The contents of total and organic nitrogen during composting periods were decreased with 15${\sim}$20% and 22${\sim}$35%, respectively, while that of inorganic nitrogen was decreased with 75${\sim}$116%. The population numbers of microorganism during composting periods was much too changed according to the kinds of microorganism and composting periods.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.149-153
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• 2003

This study was conducted to survey the utilization possibility of composting system of small scale static pile with animal manure produced from cattle shed and the effect of addition of microorganism on the maturity of compost. Microorganisms added in composting substrate were bacteria+lactobacillus(BL)+photo.(BLP). The composting practiced was a windrow system without aeration equipment and turning was practiced periodically. The water content of substrate mixed with cow manure, rice husk, and sawdust was about 60%. The temperature during the composting process was increased at over $60^{\circ}C$ within 3 days after composting starting. Increase of temperature at the early stage of composting was fasten in BLP and BL than Control. Because the pH of the raw material was high, the changes of pH during composting was little and stabilized in weak alkaline condition. EC value was high for accumulation of manure and urine excreted continuously by animal and the changes of those during composting occurred in 5~10% increase. Reduction rates of C/N ratio were the largest as the 22.7% in BLP and 19.2and 17.5% in BL and Control respectively. In the evaluation of phytotoxicity, there was stabilized within the short time in BLP and not the difference between BL and Control. Treatment of animal manure produced from small scale cattle shed was possible by using the small scale static pile composting system with reasonable water content and turning and the addition of microorganism in composting substrate was effected on the temperature increase at the early stage of composting and reduction of plant toxicity compounds but little on the maturity of compost.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.473-478
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• 1998

Dead animals amended with agricultural rersidues are utilized ai a compost to promote soil fertility and reduce environmental pollution by traditional methods of livestock mortalities. The full-scale bin composting swine mortality in roofed system with three amendments was very successful in reaching sufficient temperature above 55$^{\circ}C$ long enough for pathogen kill. The average temperature of tile compost material in dead swine amended with corn stover increased rapidly to 64$^{\circ}C$ on the 2nd day after primary composting and dropped to near ambient temperature on the 140th day of composting. The composting temperature of corn stover and wheat straw is more efficient for swine carcass composting than that of sawdust.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.6 no.1 s.11
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

Composting toilet is accepted for environmentally sound and cost effective alternative of flushing toilet. In this paper, advantages of using composting toilet compared to flushing or pit toilet in terms of environmental quality were described. And principles of human waste decomposing processes within composting toilet were explained. The potential problems of adopting composting toilet to our rural area were also discussed. Treatment efficiency was tested on-site and results confirmed that the composting toilet could be used as alternative one in rural area.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.93-101
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical parameters on butchery wastes as a bulking agent in composting of swine manure. Treatments included T1 : Swine manure + Rice hull, T2 ; Swine manure + Rice hull + Vermiculite, T3 ; Swine manure + Rice hull + Perlite, T4, Swine manure + Vermiculite, T5 : Swine manure + Vermiculite + Perlite, T6 ; Swine manure + Perlite, T7 ; Swine manure + lice hull + Vermiculite + Perlite. During the composting period, changes of temperature and pH were showed traditionally composting trend. Moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen and C/N ratio were higher rice hull than vermiculite and perlite treatments. Ammonia-N and EC were not differences among the treatments. In heave metal, Cd and Cr were showed higher in vermiculite treatments than other treatments. Rice hull treatments were decreased volatile fatty acids compared to that of other treatments. In conclusion, rite hull containing high organic content was greater composting effects than vermiculite and perlite containing low organic content.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.46-52
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• 2002

Manure compost biofilter for reducing ammonia emissions at the active stage of a semi air tight and agitated bed composting of hog manure amended with sawdust were evaluated in the practical composting plant(75 m 5 m $\times$1.4 m deep). During 55 days of composting and biofiltration process, the manure compost biofilter had a ammonia reduction of 91 to 98%. Results showed that the active stage of composting maintained temperatures between 40 and 7$0^{\circ}C$ and fluctuated greatly the ammonia concentrations between 100 and 300 ppm. Ammonia concentrations in manure compost biofiltration reached within a moderate range (2-18 ppm).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.26-28
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• 1999

동절기 급격한 온도 저하로 인한 적용한계를 극복하기 위하여 composting 기술을 현장에 적용하여 적용 가능성을 검토하고 온도 변화에 따른 분해 특성을 검토하였다. 기초 실험을 통해 영양원과 유류분해 미생물의 첨가에 따른 분해 효율을 점검한 결과 초기 유효 미생물 (유류분해 미생물)의 농도가 낮고 영양원(N, P source)의 불균형으로 인해 영양원의 첨가와 유류분해 미생물을 동시에 투입하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 나타났으며, 동절기 낮은 온도를 극복하기 위해 퇴비를 투입한 Co-composting 기술은 주입된 퇴비의 영향으로 pile 내부의 온도가 30-40일 동안 중온상태를 유지하였으며, 제거효율은 91%로 나타났다. 따라서 유류 오염토양을 복원함에 있어서 동절기에도 별도의 시설투자 없이 효율적으로 유류를 분해시킬 수 있는 CO-Composting 기술의 적응 가능성이 확인되었으며, 난분해성 물질의 생물학적 분해에 있어서도 다양하게 적용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2007

To develop the composting system to reduce the use of bulking agent, continuous composting was performed with farmer scale facility, The plant comprises a horizontal pit reactor closed inside a greenhouse and equipped with a turning machine moving on rails. The pit was 9m wide and 50m long and the maximum height of loaded materials was $1.8m^2$. The materials remained in the reactor for 5 months. During the composting process, temperature and water content measured and water balance was evaluated. The reaction temperature of composting was changed $30{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ and high in the middle and low in under composting piles. The moisture contents of the compost were approximately 70% during the experiment. The amount of effluent was 10.6% and $3.16m^3$ of pig slurry per $1m^3$ of bulking agent was treated during continuous composting process. BOD and SS reduction of the effluent in continuous composting was 86.5% and 92.2%, respectively. Indoor relative humidity in night time was changed between 80 and 100%.