• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.1417-1443
• /
• 2016

Cellular and castellated steel beams are used to obtain higher stiffness and bending capacity using the same weight of steel. In addition, the beam openings may be used as a pass for different mechanical fixtures such as ducts and pipes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different parameters on both elastic and inelastic critical buckling stresses of steel web plates with openings. These parameters are plate aspect ratio; opening shape (circular or rectangular); end distance to the first opening; opening spacing; opening size; plate slenderness ratio; steel grade; and initial web imperfection. The web/flange interaction has been simplified by web edge restraints representing simply supported boundary conditions. A numerical parametric study has been performed through linear and nonlinear finite element (FE) models, where the FE results have been verified against both experimental and numerical results in the literature. The web plates are subject to in-plane linearly varying compression with different loading patterns, ranging from uniform compression to pure bending. A buckling stress modification factor (${\beta}$-factor) has been introduced as a ratio of buckling stress of web plate with openings to buckling stress of the corresponding solid web plate. The variation of ${\beta}$-factor against the aforementioned parameters has been reported. Furthermore, the critical plate slenderness ratio separating elastic buckling and yielding has been identified and discussed for two steel grades of DIN-17100, namely: ST-37/2 and ST-52/3. The FE results revealed that the minimum ${\beta}$-factor is 0.9 for web plates under uniform compression and 0.7 for those under both compression and tension.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.417-432
• /
• 2019

This paper presents the results of axial compression testing and numerical modeling on reinforced concrete columns (RCC) with normal concrete (NC) and high-strength concrete (HSC), RCC confined by glass-fiber reinforced plastic pipes (GRP) casing as well as carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), The major parameters evaluated in the experiments were the effects of concrete type, GRP casing and CFRP wrapping, as well as the number of CFRP layers. 12 cylindrical RCC ($150{\times}600mm$) were prepared and divided into two groups, NC and HSC. Each group was divided into two parts; with and without GRP casing. In each part, one column was without CFRP strengthening layer, a column was wrapped with one CFRP layer and another column with two CFRP layers. All columns were tested under concentrated compression load. Numerical modeling was performed using ABAQUS software and the results of which were compared with experimental findings. A good agreement was found between the results. Results indicated that the utilization of CFRP wrapping and GRP casing improved compression capacity and ductility of RCC. The addition of one and two layer-FRP wrapping increased capacity in the NC group to an average of 18.5% and 26.5% and in the HSC group to an average of 10.2% and 24.8%. Meanwhile, the utilization of GRP casing increased the capacity of the columns by 3 times in the NC group and 2.38 times in the HSC group. The results indicated that although both CFRP wrapping and GRP casing increased confinement, the GRP casing gave more increase capacity and ductility of the RCC due to higher confinement. Furthermore, the confinement effect was higher on NC group.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.409-423
• /
• 2022

Nowadays, there is a high demand for great structural implementation and multifunctionality with excellent mechanical properties. The porous structures reinforced by graphene platelets (GPLs) having valuable properties, such as heat resistance, lightweight, and excellent energy absorption, have been considerably used in different engineering implementations. However, stiffness of porous structures reduces significantly, due to the internal cavities, by adding GPLs into porous medium, effective mechanical properties of the porous structure considerably enhance. This paper is relating to vibration analysis of fluidconveying cantilever porous graphene platelet reinforced (GPLR) pipe with fractional viscoelastic model resting on foundations. A dynamical model of cantilever porous GPLR pipes conveying fluid and resting on a foundation is proposed, and the vibration, natural frequencies and primary resonant of such a system are explored. The pipe body is considered to be composed of GPLR viscoelastic polymeric pipe with porosity in which Halpin-Tsai scheme in conjunction with the fractional viscoelastic model is used to govern the construction relation of nanocomposite pipe. Three different porosity distributions through the pipe thickness are introduced. The harmonic concentrated force is also applied to the pipe and the excitation frequency is close to the first natural frequency. The governing equation for transverse motions of the pipe is derived by the Hamilton principle and then discretized by the Galerkin procedure. In order to obtain the frequency-response equation, the differential equation is solved with the assumption of small displacement, damping coefficient, and excitation amplitude by the multiple scale method. A parametric sensitivity analysis is carried out to reveal the influence of different parameters, such as nanocomposite pipe properties, fluid velocity and nonlinear viscoelastic foundation coefficients, on the primary resonance and linear natural frequency. Results indicate that the GPLs weight fraction porosity coefficient, fractional derivative order and the retardation time have substantial influences on the dynamic response of the system.

• 전자통신동향분석
• /
• 제38권6호
• /
• pp.41-51
• /
• 2023

Heat dissipation technology for semiconductors and electronic packaging has a substantial impact on performance and lifespan, but efficient heat dissipation is currently facing limited improvement. Owing to the high integration density in electronic packaging, heat dissipation components must become thinner and increase their performance. Therefore, heat dissipation materials are being devised considering conductive heat transfer, carbon-based directional thermal conductivity improvements, functional heat dissipation composite materials with added fillers, and liquid-metal thermal interface materials. Additionally, in heat dissipation structure design, 3D printing-based complex heat dissipation fins, packages that expand the heat dissipation area, chip embedded structures that minimize contact thermal resistance, differential scanning calorimetry structures, and through-silicon-via technologies and their replacement technologies are being actively developed. Regarding dry cooling using single-phase and phase-change heat transfer, technologies for improving the vapor chamber performance and structural diversification are being investigated along with the miniaturization of heat pipes and high-performance capillary wicks. Meanwhile, in wet cooling with high heat flux, technologies for designing and manufacturing miniaturized flow paths, heat dissipating materials within flow paths, increasing heat dissipation area, and reducing pressure drops are being developed. We also analyze the development of direct cooling and immersion cooling technologies, which are gradually expanding to achieve near-junction cooling.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.77-84
• /
• 2007

본 연구에서는 이방성 재료로 구성된 파형 관로의 좌굴 거동을 분석하였으며, 좌굴거동에 영향을 미치는 변수로서 파형의 높이와 길이, 암거의 직경과 두께가 고려되었다. 또한 이방성 재료의 특성을 고려하여, 길이방향의 강성과 원주방향의 강성도 함께 좌굴거동에 영향을 미치는 인자로서 고려되었다. 다양한 형상의 파형 관로에 대해 유한요소해석을 수행하여 매개변수연구를 하였으며, 유한요소해석 결과를 바탕으로 이방성 재료로 구성된 파형 관로의 좌굴강도를 추정할 수 있는 간략식을 제안하였다. 해석결과, 파형 관로는 일반적인 평탄한 관로에 비해 우수한 좌굴강도를 보였으며, 제안식 또한 유한요소해석 결과에 근접하는 좌굴강도를 보여주었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.3518-3524
• /
• 2015

우리나라의 강수 특성은 지역 및 계절에 따라 편차가 매우 심하여, 연 강수량의 절반 이상이 여름철에 집중되어 내리고 지역적인 차이도 크게 나타나고 있다. 또한 기후변화 등으로 인해 게릴라성 호우 등과 같이 강우강도가 큰 호우가 빈번히 발생하고 있어 불투수지역이 넓은 도심지의 홍수방어가 매우 어려운 실정이다. 그러므로 홍수저감을 위해 우수관의 설계빈도 상향조정이나 빗물펌프장이나 유수지 건설 등과 같은 구조적인 대책이 다수 수행되고 있으며, 극한 홍수가 빈번히 발생하는 지역에서는 첨두홍수량을 하류로 배제하거나 저류하기 위한 방수로나 저류조 건설이 고려되고 있다. 그러나 1년에 1~2회 정도 사용하는 방수로나 저류조 건설에 막대한 예산을 투자하는 것에 대한 국민적인 반발도 존재한다. 그러므로 도심지의 또 다른 문제인 교통량 분담을 위한 대심도 도로터널을 동시에 건설하여 교통문제와 자연재해를 동시에 해결할 수 있는 다기능 대심도 터널에 대한 관심이 급증하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 도로터널과 수로터널의 설계기준을 살펴보고 국내에 적용이 가능한 형태의 다기능 복층터널 형태를 제안하였으며 고려해야 할 설계기준을 제안하였다. 이를 통해 향후 다수 건설될 다기능 대심도 복층터널의 설계기준 방안을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.212-223
• /
• 2021

본 논문에서는 해양구조물의 배관에 작용하는 환경조건과 구조물의 움직임에 따른 구조안전성 평가를 수행하였다. 배관에 작용하는 조건은 N₂ generator의 설계 조건을 분석하여 최고온도와 최저온도 조건을 적용하였다. 구조물의 움직임은 DNV 규칙에 따라 계산하여 적용하였다. 각각의 조건을 조합하고 열 하중, 운동 하중 그리고 배관지지대의 유무에 따라 총 26가지 하중 조합을 구성하였고 상용프로그램인 MSC Patran/Nastran을 이용하여 해석을 진행하였다. 열해석은 Steady-state 방법인 Sol 153, 열-구조 연성 해석은 Linear-static 방법인 Sol 101을 각각 적용하여 수행하였다. 해석 결과, Set 1과 Set 2에서는 배관 내의 온도가 낮을수록, Set 3에서는 온도가 높을수록, Set 4에서는 배관 내외부의 온도 차가 클수록 응력이 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 하지만, 온도 하중만 있는 조건과 운동 하중만 있는 조건에서의 응력의 합이 두 하중의 복합 하중 조건에서의 응력과 같은 값을 나타내지는 않았다. 즉, 운동 하중에 의한 영향은 운동의 방향, 배관의 배치나 지지대의 위치 등에 따라 달라진다는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서, 설계 시점에서 배관에 작용하는 운동 하중의 크기와 방향, 배관의 배치 그리고 배관 지지대의 위치 등을 종합적으로 고려할 필요가 있다.