• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2016

생태독성 관리제도가 국내에 도입된 이래 Daphnia magna(큰물벼룩)는 시험종으로 널리 사용되고 있다. 다만 D. magna는 국내 비서식종으로 국내의 담수 환경을 반영한 생태독성 평가에는 제한점이 존재한다. 따라서 국내 서식 물벼룩 중 적합한 시험종을 선정하여 생태독성 평가에 대한 활용가능성을 평가할 필요가 있다. Daphnia galeata(유리물벼룩)는 국내 한강 수계 우점종이며 대부분의 수계에 서식하고 있는 물벼룩이다. 본 연구에서는 D. galeata의 국내 고유 시험종으로서의 활용가능성을 평가하고자 D. galeata의 특성 및 생활사를 확인하여 D. magna와 비교하였다. 또한 D. galeata의 독성민감도를 확인하고자 D. galeata 및 D. magna에 대한 7종 중금속(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Zn) 급성독성자료 조사, 수집하여 민감도를 비교분석하였다. D. galeata의 생활사 측정결과 D. galeata의 생존기간은 $28{\pm}8$일로 D. magna의 절반수준으로 나타났으며 생존기간 동안의 어미 개체당 새끼 생산량도 D. magna보다 적었으며, 평균적인 체구도 D. magna보다 D. galeata가 작았다. 독성민감도는 7종의 중금속에 대해 D. galeata가 D. magna보다 더 민감하거나 유사한 것으로 확인되었다. 장단점을 종합적으로 고려한 결과, D. galeata는 국내 고유 생태독성 시험종으로 적합하며 차후 D. magna를 대체하거나 병행하여 사용할 수 있는 시험종으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.365-372
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• 2015

Aripiprazole (ARI) is a commonly prescribed medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. To date, there have been no studies regarding the molecular pathological and immunotoxicological profiling of aripiprazole. Thus, in the present study, we prepared two different formulas of aripiprazole [Free base crystal of aripiprazole (ARPGCB) and cocrystal of aripiprazole (GCB3004)], and explored their effects on the patterns of survival and apoptosis-regulatory proteins under acute toxicity and cytotoxicity test conditions. Furthermore, we also evaluated the modulatory activity of the different formulations on the immunological responses in macrophages primed by various stimulators such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pam3CSK, and poly(I:C) via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2, and TLR3 pathways, respectively. In liver, both ARPGCB and GCB3004 produced similar toxicity profiles. In particular, these two formulas exhibited similar phospho-protein profiling of p65/nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$, c-Jun/activator protein (AP)-1, ERK, JNK, p38, caspase 3, and bcl-2 in brain. In contrast, the patterns of these phospho-proteins were variable in other tissues. Moreover, these two formulas did not exhibit any cytotoxicity in C6 glioma cells. Finally, the two formulations at available in vivo concentrations did not block nitric oxide (NO) production from activated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS, pam3CSK, or poly(I:C), nor did they alter the morphological changes of the activated macrophages. Taken together, our present work, as a comparative study of two different formulas of aripiprazole, suggests that these two formulas can be used to achieve similar functional activation of brain proteins related to cell survival and apoptosis and immunotoxicological activities of macrophages.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.744-753
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• 2021

우리나라의 '해양오염방제 자재·약제의 성능시험기준 및 검정기준 중 '생물에 대한 영향시험'(생태독성시험)의 시험방법과 판정기준의 개정과 관련한 방향을 제시하기 위해 현행 기준의 문제점을 파악하고 국가별 제도 비교를 통한 개선방안을 제시하였다. Skeletonema costatum을 이용한 성장저해시험의 경우, 배양액 색조를 비교하여 판단하는 기준 대신 측정된 성장률을 적절한 통계기법을 이용하여 비교 분석하는 과학적인 기준이 도입되어야 하며 시험기간의 경우, 지수성장기를 고려하여 4일 이내가 합당한 것으로 판단된다. 어류를 이용한 독성시험의 경우, 다양한 물질에 대한 독성시험 및 비교연구를 통해 방제 자재에 대해 일관되고 적절한 민감도를 나타낼 수 있는 보다 적절한 어체크기에 대한 재설정이 필요하고 이에 따른 합리적이고 객관적인 판정기준이 마련되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 시험종의 경우, Artemia sp. 대신 해양 윤충류인 Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis가 대안이 될 수 있으며 어류시험의 경우, 굴류(Oyster)와 같은 이매패류의 분류군을 이용한 독성시험으로의 대체 역시 대안으로 고려될 수 있다. 마지막으로 해양오염방제 자재·약제의 형식승인 시험과 관련하여 생태독성시험 분야의 경우, 업무의 특수성과 결과의 신뢰성을 고려하여 별도의 공인시험기관 지정 또는 관련 유사 법률과 연계한 일원화된 창구가 필요하며 수용가능한 수준의 시험비용 산정과 시험항목 조정을 통한 합리적인 제도개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.651-659
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• 2003

A new method was proposed to control Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) by a biosurfactant sophorolipid. The effect of sophorolipid on the growth, motility, precipitation, and recovery of algal cells was investigated for four common HAB species, Scripsiella trochoidea, Prorocentrum minimum, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, and Heterosigma akashiwo. The motility and growth of algal cells were inhibited significantly at the concentration of 20 and 5 mg/l sophorolipid, respectively, and no recovery was observed under the above concentrations. The concentration of 20 mg/l sophorolipid was considered to be an effective concentration for the mitigation of HABs. A sedimentation test suggested that the maximum precipitation occurred at the end of 1 h, and the algicidal effect of sophorolipid was observed by a microscope. Comparative study showed that sophorolipid had marked algicidal capability. Analysis on biodegradability, toxicity, and cost effectiveness further demonstrated the potential of sophorolipid in future HABs mitigation.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2009

Metal pollution of aquatic ecosystems is a problem of economic and health importance. Information regarding molecular responses to metal exposure is sorely needed in order to identify potential biomarkers. To determine the effects of heavy metals on chironomids, the full-length cDNA of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3) from Chironomus riparius was determined through molecular cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The expression of ADH3 was analyzed under various cadmium and copper concentrations. A comparative and phylogenetic study among different orders of insects and vertebrates was carried out through analysis of sequence databases. The complete cDNA sequence of the ADH3 gene was 1134 bp in length. The sequence of C. riparius ADH3 shows a low degree of amino acid identity (around 70%) with homologous sequences in other insects. After exposure of C. riparius to various concentrations of copper, ADH3 gene expression significantly decreased within 1 hour. The ADH3 gene expression was also suppressed in C. riparius after cadmium exposure for 24 hour. However, the effect of cadmium on ADH3 gene expression was transient in C. riparius. The results show that the suppression of ADH3 gene by copper exposure could be used as a possible biomarker in aquatic environmental monitoring and imply differential toxicity to copper and cadmium in C. riparius larvae.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6925-6928
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• 2013

Background: Despite numerous useful anticancer properties of curcumin, its utility is limited due to its hydrophobic structure. In this study, we investigated the comparative antiproliferative effect of PAMAM encapsulating curcumin with naked curcumin on the T47D breast cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic effects of PAMAM dendrimers encapsulating curcumin and curcumin alone were investigated by MTT assay. After treating cells with different concentrations of both curcumin alone and curcumin encapsulated for 24h, telomerase activity was determined by TRAP assay. Results: While PAMAM dendrimers encapsulating curcumin had no cytotoxicity on cancer cells, they decreased the $IC_{50}$ for proliferation and also increased the inhibitory effect on telomerase activity. Conclusions: Considering the non-toxicity in addition to effectiveness for enhancing curcumin anticancer properties, dendrimers could be considered good therapeutic vehicles for this hydrophobic agent.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.494-501
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• 2009

Probabilistic Ecological risk assessment (PERA) is extensive approach to qualify and quantify risk on the multi species based on species sensitivity distribution (SSD). As a while, deterministic ecological risk assessment (DERA) considers the comparison of predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) and predicted exposure concentration (PEC). DERA is used to determine if there is potential risk or no risk, and it doesn't consider the nature variability and the species sensitivity. But PERA can be more realistic and reasonable approach to estimate likelihood or risk. In this study, we compared PERA used in developed countries, and proposed PERA applicable for the Korean water environment. Taxonomic groups were classified as "class" level including Actinopterygill, Branchiopoda, Chlorophyceae, Maxillapoda, Insects, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Secernentea, Polychaeta, Monocotyldoneae, and Chanophyceae in this study. Statistical extrapolation method (SEM), statistical extrapolation method $_{acutechronicratio}$ ($SEM_{ACR}$) and assessment factor method (AFM) were used to calculate the ecological protective concentration based on qualitative and quantitative levels of taxonomic toxicity data. This study would be useful to establish the PERA for the protection of aquatic ecosystem in Korea.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2011

A proteomic analysis of the proteins in mouse brain that were differentially expressed in response to $TiO_2$ nanoparticles was conducted to better understand the molecular mechanism of $TiO_2$ nanoparticle-induced brain toxicity at the protein level. A total of 990 proteins from mouse brain were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A comparative proteomic analysis revealed that the expression levels of 11 proteins were changed by more than 2-fold in response to $TiO_2$ nanoparticles: eight proteins were upregulated and three were downregulated by $TiO_2$ nanoparticles. In addition, the activities of several antioxidative enzymes and acetylcholine esterase were reduced in $TiO_2$ nanoparticle-exposed mouse brain. The protein profile alterations seem to be due to an indirect effect of $TiO_2$ nanoparticles, because $TiO_2$ nanoparticles were not detected in the brain in this investigation.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.246-253
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• 2007

국내서식 물벼룩종을 이용한 표준생태독성시험법 개발을 위한 기초연구로서 실내사육이 용이하며 번식력도 우수한 국내산 물벼룩 M. macrocopa와 Daphnia sp.를 대상으로 카바메이트계인 carbofuran, 유기인계인 diazinon, 피레스로이드계인 fenpropathrin과 트리아졸계인 myclobutanil 등 4종의 농약이 이들 물벼룩의 번식에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 시험기간은 M. macrocopa는 짧은 번식주기와 수명을 고려하여 10일간 노출시켰으며 Daphnia sp.는 Daphnia magna와 동일한 21일간 농약을 노출시켰다. 가장 독성이 강하게 나타난 것은 피레스로이드계 살충제인 fenpropathrin으로 번식독성의 무영향농도(NOEC)는 Moina macrocopa 가 $0.17\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$이었고 Daphnia sp.는 $0.06\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$로 조사되었다. 다음으로는 diazinon, carbofuran, myclobutanil의 순으로 독성이 강하게 나타났다. 또한 myclobutanil을 제외하면 3종 농약에서 Daphnia sp.가 M. macrocopa보다 더 민감한 것으로 조사되었고 따라서 국내환경에서 농약이 수서무척추동물에 미치는 번식영향을 평가할 때는 농약에 민감하게 반응하는 Daphnia sp.가 더 적합할 것으로 생각된다. 하지만 M. macrocopa는 우리나라 농업환경 특히 논에서의 우점도, 광범위한 국내서식 분포 등의 생태학적 중요도가 매우 큰 종이며, 10일간 시험으로도 번식에 미치는 영향을 평가하기에 적합하므로 시험기간 단축으로 인한 경제적 효과를 고려할 때 우리나라에서 사용할 표준생태독성시험의 후보종으로서 매우 의미있는 종이라 판단된다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

Objectives : The objective of this study was to compare, the potency of toxicity of Cantharidin containing dried Mylabis phalerata (MP) extract and it's modifier. Methods ： They were monitored at dosage level 2,000, 1,000, 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, respectively. Changes of body weight, clinical signs, mortality, LD50, macroscopic changes of gastrointestinal tract and liver were observed after single oral dose of test articles with changes of serum Gastrin and Somatostatin levels. Results ： Dosage-dependent decrease of body weight and/or gains were demonstrated in dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, the body weights were significantly increased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependently detected clinical signs in dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these clinical signs dramatically were decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependent increase of mortality rates were observed in dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, the mortalities were significantly decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. The LD50 of dried MP extract in male mice was dramaticlly increased in their modify, 265.86 vs 426.99 mg/kg. Dosage-dependently increase of number of hemorrhagic and/or erythematous spots detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these abnormal spots were dramatically decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependently increase of degrees of enlargement and congestion detected in the liver of dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these abnormal signs were dramatically decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependently increase of serum gastrin levels of dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these abnormal increase were dramatically decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependently increase of serum somatostatin levels of dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these abnormal increase were dramatically decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Conclusions ： The toxicity of dried MP extract was reduced by their modify.