• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2018

This thesis is a paper comparing Adolf Loos and Antoni Gaudí's 'theory of ornament', based on their text. Adolf Loos and Antoni Gaudí are architects who had worked from late 19c, just before advent of Modernism architecture, to early 20c. When 'ornament' had started to be excluded from architecture according to development of industrialization and capitalism, Loos and Gaudí have both written about 'ornament.' Generally, Loos is known to have possessed rational mind and designed modern building with no ornament, and Gaudí is known to have possessed romantic mind and used splendid ornaments. For those reasons, it was assumed that two architects would have contrast opinions regarding ornaments. However, analysis of two architects' major text reveals that their theories of ornament are fundamentally analogous. Loos and Gaudí both argue dissolution of past normative 'ornament' and claims that rational 'ornament' that fits modern time is possible. Interestingly, intentionally adopted ornaments exist considerably in architecture of Loos. On the other hand, in Gaudí's architecture, there are many points where Gaudí had restrained ornaments. This thesis organizes similarity and differences of two architects' 'theory of ornament' through their texts and works. Moreover, this thesis suggests that then today's architecture aims to restart a debate on 'ornament', it is worth reviewing texts of Loos and Gaudí.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1032-1041
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• 2010

The comparative influence of two nanoparticles [viz., superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and nanobarium titanate (NBT)] upon the in vitro and in situ low-density polyethylene (LDPE) biodegradation efficiency of a potential polymer-degrading microbial consortium was studied. Supplementation of 0.01% concentration (w/v) of the nanoparticles in minimal broth significantly increased the bacterial growth, along with early onset of the exponential phase. Under in vitro conditions, ${\lambda}$-max shifts were quicker with nanoparticles and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) illustrated significant changes in CH/$CH_2$ vibrations, along with introduction of hydroxyl residues in the polymer backbone. Moreover, simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DTA) reported multiple-step decomposition of LDPE degraded in the presence of nanoparticles. These findings were supported by scanning electron micrographs (SEM), which revealed greater dissolution of the film surface in the presence of nanoparticles. Furthermore, progressive degradation of the film was greatly enhanced when it was incubated under soil conditions for 3 months with the nanoparticles. The study highlights the significance of bacteria-nanoparticle interactions, which can dramatically influence key metabolic processes like biodegradation. The authors also propose the exploration of nanoparticles to influence various other microbial processes for commercial viabilities.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.730-736
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• 1995

The solubilization and proteolytic process of $\delta $-endotoxin was analvsed to compare the biochemical property of the toxin isolated from B. thuringiensis subsp. sotto. The purified crystals were dissolved in 50 mM carbonate buffer containing 10 mM dithiothreitol at pH 10 for various times. The electrophoretic pattern showed that a rapid disappearance of 138 kDa protein band. This disappearance of protein with high molecular weight was accompanied by the appearance of new protein fragment with 104 kDa, 60 kDa, and 25 kDa. For proteolvtic processing, the soluble crystals were digested with trypsin for various times. The soluble crystal protein of 104 kDa was completely disappeared. However, the protein fragment of 60 kDa and 25 kDa still remained after complete proteolysis. The comparative immunoblot analysis showed that the antiserum against intact crystals showed strong immunoreactivity to the homologous inclusion protein of 138 kDa, 104 kDa, and 25 kDa, and to the intact spores of 221 kDa and 138 kDa, but not to the vegetative cell homogenate. The sera against crystals and spores had no immunoreactivity to the vegetative cell homogenate.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2005

The pellets with multiple drug release system (MDRS) of Diltiazem. HCl which consist of immediate drug release layer, drug reservoir layer and controlled release rate membrane, were prepared by using CF-Coater. As main factors for more effective MDRS of Diltiazem. HCl, ethylcellulose was used for the controlling drug release rate, and diethylphthalate was used for plasticizer, respectively. In vitro evaluation study was performed by comparative dissolution test between our test MDRS and reference Diltiazem. HCl preparation. The physical tests were performed using FT-IR and SEM. In vivo evaluation was also performed by observing the behavior of a plasma drug concentration after oral administration. The bioavailability was determined by analyzing the blood sample after oral administration to healthy, male volunteers once a day. As a result, there were no significant differences in bioequivalence parameters $(AUC_{\infty},\;C_{max},\;t_{1/2})$ between two systems. It might be concluded that our MDRS of Diltiazem. HCl could be an alternative delivery system to reference drug preparation.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.387-392
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• 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate corrosion resistance of Zn-Al-Mg alloy coated steel in residential water with trace quantities of Cl^-. Comparative evaluations were performed using two commercial coated steel products, GI and Galvalume, as reference samples. Examination of corrosion morphology and measurement of weight loss revealed that the Zn-Al-Mg alloy coated steel exhibited higher corrosion resistance than reference samples. This finding suggests that the alloy coated steel possesses long-term corrosion resistance not only in highly Cl^- concentrated environments such as seawater, but also in environments with extremely low levels of Cl^- found in residential water. The primary factor contributing to the superior corrosion resistance of the Zn-Al-Mg alloy coated steel in residential water is the formation of an inhibiting corrosion product composed primarily of two phases: Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂ and Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂·H₂O. The preferential dissolution of Mg from the corroded coating layer can increase alkalinity, which might enhance the thermodynamical stability of Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.133-142
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to evaluate a laboratory test on arsenic removal effciency for ARD(Acid Rock Drain-age) using limestone and apatite, and on heavy metals removal efficiencies for AMD(Acid Mine Drainage) using apatite and fish bone. As a result of the laboratory test, pH, arsenic removal rate of limestone & apatite are inversely proportional to flow rates and apatite removes 100% of arsenic while limestone removes 37% of arsenic at 0.6$m{ell}$/min/kg flow rate in case of ARD treatment. And the dissolution amount of apatite is twenty five times higher than that of limestone. In case of AMD treatment, fish bone shows higher dissolution rate than apatite, and pH of outlet water reacted with fish bone is higher than that reacted with apatite. The heavy metal removal rates of fish bone are also higher than that of apatite except arsenic removal rate. The precipitate resulted from fish bone reaction with AMD seems to be biological sludge type while that resulted from apatite with AMD is inorganic solid which can settle easily compared with the biological sludge and can be cemented by gypsum. As the results, apatite can be used as a precipitant for the polluted mine waters showing wide range of pH and fish bone can be used for highly contaminated AMD.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2010

A hydrochemical comparative study of groundwater in uraniferous sedimentary rock of the Ogcheon belt was carried out to investigate the genetic relationship between uraniferous groundwater of Daejeon area and uraniferous sedimentary rocks of the Ogcheon zone. The groundwater shows weak alkaline pH values rangingfrom 6.4 to 8.1 and low Eh values ranging from -50 to 225 mV. The groundwaters to Ca-$HCO_3$ type that shows high concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ and $HCO_3^_$ due to the dissolution of carbonate mineral in limestone. The concentration of uranium in the groundwater was measured very low below $3.2{\mu}g/L$, while it was detected as much as $1165{\mu}g/L$ in the mine waste water. The low Eh value of groundwater is one of the main causes of low uranium concentration of groundwater in uraniferous sedimentary rocks in the Ogcheon belt. It is suggested that the uranium of groundwater in granitic region of Daejeon area was not mainly provided from uraniferous sedimentary rocks in the Ogcheon belt.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to find out the possibility of applying microwave-hypochlorous acid leaching to effectively leaching Au in hydrothermal minerals on board. The comparative leaching experiment were confirmed that the leaching rate of Au with(T1)/with out(T2) of microwave nitric acid leaching. In addition, the leaching rate of Au on the conventional leaching by mechanical agitation(T3) and microwave leaching was compared. The result of microwave nitric acid leaching(solid-liquid ratio; 10%, leaching temperature; 90 ℃, leaching time; 20 min) confined that the metal leaching rate was high in the order of As>Pb>Cu>Fe>Zn, and the content of Au in the leaching residue was increased from 33.77 g/ton to 60.02 g/ton. As a result of the comparative leaching experiment using a chloride solvent, the dissolution rate of Au was high in the order of T1(61.10%)>T3(53.30%)>T2(17.30%). Therefore, chloride, which can be manufactured using seawater and that can be recycled by collecting chlorine gas generated in the leaching process, is expected to be an optimal solvent for Au leaching. In addition, the application of microwaves is believed to be effective in terms of time, efficiency and energy.

• Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.33-50
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• 2023

'Fasting of the Mind (心齋, ch. xīn zhāi)' is arguably the most important concept within the practical approach to the spiritual cultivation formulated by the Daoist philosopher, Zhuangzi (莊子). Most scholars have interpreted 'Fasting of the Mind' as an apophatic practice centered around the aim of the 'Dissolution of the Self (喪我, ch. sàng wŎ).' The Korean new religious movement, Daesoon Jinrihoe (大巡眞理會), can be shown to instead consistently utilize cataphatic descriptions of spiritual cultivation based on the 'quieting of the mind (安心, kr. anshim)' and 'quieting of the body (安身, kr. anshin)' with the highest attainable state referred to as the 'Perfected State of Unification with the Dao (道通眞境, kr. Dotong-jingyeong).' While the language used by Zhuangzi and Daesoon Jinrihoe appears quite different on a superficial level, a deeper examination shows that these rhetorical framings are likely negativistic and positivistic descriptions of the same, or at least reasonably similar, phenomena. Zhuangzi, who focused primarily on the body, mind, and internal energy, cautioned practitioners that 'mere listening stops with the ears (聽止於耳, ch. tīng zhǐ yú ěr)' and 'mere recognition stops with the mind (心止於符, ch. xīn zhǐ yú fú).' He therefore encouraged cultivators of the Dao to 'listen with the spirit (聽之以氣 ch. tīng zhī yǐ qì).' The main scripture of Daesoon Jinrihoe states that "The mind is a pivot, gate, and gateway for gods; They, who turn the pivot, open, and close the gate, and go back and forth through the gateway, can be either good or evil (心也者, 鬼神之樞機也, 門戶也,道路也)," and the Supreme God of the Ninth Heaven (九天上帝, kr. Gucheon Sangje) even promises to visit anyone who possesses a 'singularly-focused mind (一心, kr. il-shim).' In both these approaches, there is a sense of what must be kept out of the mind (e.g., external disturbances, strong emotions, malevolent entities) and what the mind should connect with to attain spiritual progress (e.g., spirit, singular focus, the Supreme God). The observations above serve as the main basis for a comparison between the apophatic descriptions of cultivation found in Zhuangzi and their cataphatic counterparts in Daesoon Thought. However, the culmination of this nuanced comparative exploration reveals that while the leanings of Zhuangzi and Daesoon Thought generally hold true, ultimately, both systems of cultivation transcend the categories of apophatic and cataphatic.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2005

A bioequivalence study of CKD $Cefaclor^{(R)}$ capsule (Chong Kun Dang Pharm Co., Ltd) to $Ceclor^{(R)}$ capsule (Lilly Korea Co., Ltd.) was conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the cefaclor dose of 250 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. An improved high-performance liquid chromatorgraphy (HPLC) analytical method with UV detection was used to determine plasma cefaclor concentration in human volunteers for 8 hr after oral drug administration. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 8 hr ($AUC_{0-8hr}$) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. the $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_{0-8hr}\;and\;C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the cross-over design was properly performed. The $90{\%}$ confidence intervals of the $AUC_{0-8hr}$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for CKD $Cefaclor^{(R)}$ and $Ceclor^{(R)}$ were $0.9400{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}1.0345$ and $0.8858{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}1.1021$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of 0.80-1.25. Thus, our study demonstrated the of CKD $cefaclor^{(R)}$ capsule was bioequivalent to $Cefaclor^{(R)}$ capsule with respect to its bioavailability.