• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 고함수비 상태의 흙의 토목섬유 보강에 의한 다짐효과를 확인하고자 실내다짐실험, 현장다짐실험, 수치해석을 실시하였다. 토목섬유의 구속효과를 검증하기 위해 D다짐실험의 몰드(래머/몰드의 면적비=0.33) 보다 큰 몰드(래머/몰드의 면적비=0.19)를 이용하여 다짐을 실시한 결과, D다짐실험에서는 고함수비 구간의 건조밀도가 0.5~0.6% 증가하였지만, 큰 몰드를 이용한 다짐실험에서는 2.4~3.7%가 증가하는 것으로 분석되어 하중 작용면에 비해 측면지반의 면적이 충분히 넓을 경우, 함수비가 높은 구간에서도 토목섬유 보강에 의한 구속효과가 발생하였다. 현장다짐실험에서 '전압면으로부터의 심도(z/B)'에 따른 고함수비 구간 흙의 다짐효과를 분석한 결과, 무보강 시에는 과도전압으로 인해 다짐상태가 나빠져 다짐이 잘 되지 않았지만, 토목섬유를 보강할 경우 구속효과의 발생으로 다짐층에 다짐에너지가 효과적으로 전달되고 건조밀도가 증가함을 확인하였다. 또한, 토목섬유와 토사층의 거동에 대한 개념적 모델을 통하여 토목섬유의 보강으로 인한 지반내 매커니즘을 설명하였고, 이를 유한요소해석을 통해 검증하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1101-1111
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• 2018

This study aims to present accurate soil modeling and validation of a single roadside guardrail post as well as a single concrete pile installed near cut slopes or compacted sloping embankment. The conventional Winkler's elastic spring model and p-y curve approach for horizontal ground cannot directly be applied to sloping ground where ultimate soil resistance is significantly dependent on ground inclination. In this study, both grid-based 3-D FE model and particle-based SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) model available in LS-DYNA have been adopted to predict the static behavior of a laterally loaded guardrail post. The SPH model has potential to eliminate any artificial soil stiffness due to the deterioration of the node-connected Lagrangian soil mesh. For this purpose, this study comprises two parts. Firstly, only 3-D FE modeling has been tested to show the numerical validity for a single concrete pile in sloping ground using Mohr-Coulomb material. However, this material option cannot be implemented for SPH elements. Nevertheless, Mohr-Coulomb model has been used since this material model requires six input soil data that can be obtained from the comparative papers in literatures. Secondly, this work is extended to compute the lateral resistance of a guardrail post located near the slope using the hybrid approach that combines Lagrange FE elements and SPH elements by the suitable node-merging option provided by LS-DYNA. For this analysis, the FHWA soil material developed for application to road-base soils has been used and also allows the application of SPH element.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2011

This study examined evaluation on stabilization of major and trace elements in tailings by various surface water-preventing materials. Six columns were filled with tailings of the Sinlim mine, then covered with tailings only, compacted soils, clay, soil-bentonite mixture, pozzolan and bentonite mat. After injection of artificial rain water, the leachate was sampled with times (3, 6, 9 and 12 pore volume) and analysed for major (Ca, Na, Mg, K) and trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) by ICP-AES. With exception to pozzolan type, the pH values of leachate from the other types became stabilized from 5.5 to 7.5, and EC (electric conductivity) of leachate from them decreased with times. For the pozzolan type, however, the pH and EC of leachate increased with time due to its alkalinity producing system. Concentrations of most major and trace elements in leachate decreased and stabilized with time. Consequently, soil-bentonite mixed cover shows the best ability of water-preventing and reducing mobility of elements in tailings site.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 국내 건설현장 29개 지점에서 국내 철도노반 다짐품질관리 방법인 반복평판재하시험과 LFWD(Light Falling Weight Deflection)에서 구한 변형률계수(Ev2)와 변형계수($E_{LFWD}$)에 대하여 응력보정을 통해 자갈재료와 사질토에 대하여 상관성을 비교하였다. 실험결과 대부분 다짐품질관리 기준을 만족하고 있으며, 입상재료의 경우 관리기준치에 약 3배이상 값을 나타내었다. 두 시험방법에 따른 상관성은 토사의 경우에는 서로 상관성이 높은 것으로 나타났지만, 강성이 상대적으로 큰 입상재료의 경우 두 시험간의 상관성이 적은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 시험방법 별로 탄성계수를 구하여 응력상태를 보정한 후 회귀 분석한 결과 응력 보정하지 않는 조건보다 상관성이 더 높게 나타났다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.283-291
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• 2018

Cracks in soil provide significant preferential pathways for contaminant transport and rainfall infiltration. Water exchange between the soil matrix and crack is crucial to characterize the preferential flow, which is often quantitatively described by a water exchange ratio. The water exchange ratio is defined as the amount of water flowing from the crack into the clay matrix per unit time. Most of the previous studies on the water exchange ratio mainly focused on cracked sandy soils. The water exchange between cracks and clay matrix were rarely studied mainly due to two reasons: (1) Cracks open upon drying and close upon wetting. The deformable cracks lead to a dynamic change in the water exchange ratio. (2) The aperture of desiccation crack in clay is narrow (generally 0.5 mm to 5 mm) which is difficult to model in experiments. This study will investigate the water exchange between a deformable crack and the clay matrix using a newly developed experimental apparatus. An artificial crack with small aperture was first fabricated in clay without disturbing the clay matrix. Water content sensors and suction sensors were instrumented at different places of the cracked clay to monitor the water content and suction changes. Results showed that the water exchange ratio was relatively large at the initial stage and decreased with the increasing water content in clay matrix. The water exchange ratio increased with increasing crack apertures and approached the largest value when the clay was compacted at the water content to the optimal water content. The effective hydraulic conductivity of the crack-clay matrix interface was about one order of magnitude larger than that of saturated soil matrix.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.339-349
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• 2020

This study investigates the feasibility of using the results of the UPV (ultrasonic pulse velocity) test to assess the UCS (unconfined compressive strength) of unsaturated soil. A series of laboratory tests was conducted on samples of unsaturated lateritic soils of northern Taiwan. Specifically, the unconfined compressive test was combined with the pressure plate test to obtain the unconfined compressive strength and its matric suction (s) of the samples. Soil samples were first compacted at the designated water content and subsequently subjected to the wetting process for saturation and the following drying process to its target suction using the apparatus developed by the authors. The correlations among the UCS, s and UPV were studied. The test results show that both the UCS and UPV significantly increased with the matric suction regardless of the initial compaction condition, but neither the UCS nor UPV obviously varied when the matric suction was less than the air-entry value. In addition, the UCS approximately linearly increased with increasing UPV. According to the investigation of the test results, simplified methods to estimate the UCS using the UPV or matric suction were established. Furthermore, an empirical formula of the matric suction calculated from the UPV was proposed. From the comparison between the predicted values and the test results, the MAPE values of UCS were 4.52-9.98% and were less than 10%, and the MAPE value of matric suction was 17.3% and in the range of 10-20%. Thus, the established formulas have good forecasting accuracy and may be applied to the stability analysis of the unsaturated soil slope. However, further study is warranted for validation.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.177-198
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• 1997

화강토는 일반 퇴적토와는 달리 풍화도, 입자파쇄성등 시료의 초기상태에 따라 전단거동을 달리하는 특성을 가지므로 각 경우에 대한 응력-변형률 관계를 밝히고 전단강도의 변화특성을 조사할 필요가 있다. 이와같은 관점에서 본 연구에서는 모암조성성분 및 풍화도를 달리하는 4개지역의 화강토를 채취하여 불교란 및 교란(정적다짐)상태에서 직접전단시험과 삼축압축시험(CU, CD)을 수행하였다. 이 결과 불교란화강토의 응력-변형률거동은 구속압이 작을때는 과압밀점토의 응력경로거동처럼 경화에서 연화거동을, 교란화강토는 풍화도에 관계없이 퇴적점토와 같은 경화-일정거동을 나타내었다. 또한, 통상적인 직접전단시험에서 얻는 점착력은 특히, 불교란화강 토에서 과대평가 되는 경향이 있으며 삼축압축시험에서의 응력비(q/p')와 체적변형률증뚠비 (dv/de)의 관계는 함수비, 풍화도, 구속압력, 교란에 관계없이 하나의 식($dv/d\varepsilon,=\alpha(M-\eta))$으로 근사화시킬 수 있었다.

• 기술사
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 1968

Higher yield in rice paddies is greatly dependent on adequately balanced and timely supply of water. A majority of rice paddy in Korea is generally irrigated by rainfall, but in many cases it has to be supplemented by artificial irrigation for optimum rice culture. Although the water requirement of rice plant is for higher Than that of athec crops, submerged condition of rice paddy is not Necessarily required. The moisture requirement of rice plant varies with its growing stages, and it is possible to increase the irrigation efficiency through reduction of water loss due to percolation in rice paddies. An experimental plots were set up by means of sandomized block design with three duplication; (a) All time submerged, (b) Economically controlled, and (c) Extremely controlled. Three different irrigation periods Were (a) Initial sage, (b) Inter-stage, and (c) Yast stage. The topsoil of the three plots were excavated to the depth of 30 cm and then compacted with clay of 6 cm thickness. There after, they were piled up with the excavated top soils, leveled and cored with clay of 6 cm thickness around footpath in order to prevent leakage. The results obtained from the experiments are as follows, 1. There is no difference among the three experiments plots in terms of physical and chemical conditions, soil properties, and other characteristics. 2. Culm length and ear length are not affected by different irrigation methods. 3. There is no difference in the mature rate and 1, 000 grain weight of rice for the three plots. 4. The control plot which was irrigated every three days shows an increased yield over the all the time submerged plot by 17.8 percent. 5. The clay lined plot whose water holding capacity was held 5 days long, needs only to be irrigated every 7 days. 6. The clay lined plot shows an increased yield over the untreated plot ; over all-the-time submerged plot by 18 percent ; extremely controlled plot by 18 percent, and economically controlled plot by 33 percent. 7. It may be saved in water requirement about one Thirds.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.233-246
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• 2001

주빙하환경의 지표로서 유상구조토의 의의를 밝히기 위하여 백록담 화구저의 유강구조토를 대강으로 지형 및 토양 특성을 조사하려다. 유상구조토의 평면형은 타원형이 많으며. 장경 42~200cm. 높이 9~27cm의 크기로서 25$m^2$의 범리에 17개가 20~40cm의 간격으로 분포한다. 초본식물의 근계로 덮여 있는 유상구조토의 내부는 상부의 암 갈색 토층과 하부의 갈색 토층으로 구분되며, 토양단면에는 동결교란의 양상이 나타난다. 토양은 점토와 실트의 세립 질이 31.2~65.6%를 차지하는데, 특히 암갈색 토층은 동상이 발생하기 쉬운 입도조성 보인다. 또한 건조밀도는 0.761 ~1.009g/㎤, 공극비는 1.420~2.008, 함수비는 24.2~68.8%로서 하부의 갈색 토층으로 내려갈수록 토양은 치밀하 고 건조해진다. 동계에 유강구조토는 콘크리트 상태로 동결하며, 최대동결심은 구조토의 정상부조부터 45cm이다. 동 결기에 암갈색 토층의 상부에는 빙층이 출현하나 현저한 동강을 일으키는 아이스렌즈와 같은 분리빙의 발달은 미약 하다. 이 시기에 유강구조포의 함수비는 전반적으로 증가하여 암갈색 토층에서는 73.7~118.0% 이른다. 유상구조토 토양의 컨스턴시는 함수비 72.8%가 액성한계에 해당하므로 해빙기에 암갈색 토층은 높은 유동성을 지니게 되며 동결고란작용을 입기 쉬워진다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 바닥층을 점토포설의 대안으로 기존의 원지반 해성점토에 시멘트와 벤토나이트 및 고화재를 혼합한 새로운 고화처리토를 이용하여 안전하고 경제적이며 효율적인 매립지 바닥층을 조성하고자 한다. 그러나 매립지 바닥층의 시공에 있어서 고화처리토를 이용한 표층고화 처리층을 바닥층의 재료로서 사용하는데 토목역학적인 안전성에 대한 기술적 자료가 전무한 실정이다. 특히 고화처리토를 포설한 후 겨울철 동상에 대한 연구문헌 및 사례는 국내, 외를 막론하고 쉽게 찾아볼 수 없었다. 따라서 본 조사연구를 통하여 기초적인 자료를 수집하고 겨울철 조건하에 고화처리층의 동결/융해 현상에 대한 바닥층의 안전성 및 동상현상을 검토하여 설계 및 시공에 반영될 수 있도록 하였다.$^4),6),21),25)$ 또한 본 연구에서는 폐기물매립지 바닥층의 포설에 가장 중요한 실패 원인중 하나인 동절기에 동상에 따른 고화처리층의 동결/융해 현상에 대한 연구를 실시하여 향후 해안폐기물매립지 건설에 기술적으로 이바지 하고자 한다. 고화처리층은 지지력을 목적으로 하는45 cm의 고화토층과 차수를 목적으로 하는30 cm의 불투수층의 $P_A와\; P_B$층으로 구성되었으며 고화처리층 하부에는 30 cm의 지하수 배제층, 상부에는 60 cm의 침출수 집배수층으로 설계되었다. 결과적으로 동결깊이는 동일한 조건에서 인공강우를 고려한 실험에서 동결깊이가 증가하였으며 동상현상은 수mm정도 증가하였고 국부적으로 표면균열이 발생하였다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 매립지 바닥층의 설계에서 고화처리토를 사용한 바닥층이 점토층으로 구성된 설계보다 더욱 신뢰할 수 있다고 생각할 수 있다. (이송 외 2인, 1999; 이송 외 3인, 1999)e experimental group who was exposed to the A-V media produced by the author showed the higher score of androgyny sexual role identity than the control group who didn′t watch the A-V program. 2) The experimental group showed the higher rate of the androgyny than the control group, On the other hand, their rate of the masculinity turned out to be lower than the latter group. 3) The experimental group didn′t show the difference of SAS score from the control group .In conclusion, "Our sexuality is Healthful" A-V program for sexual education brought about the significant change of sexual role identity of the middle school boys, but didn′t affect their attitude toward sexual activity.ypothesis 4: The 4th hypothesis that "There will be significant difference of the pulse rate just before surgery in the experimental group and control group"was supported(P= .004).