• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.431-435
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• 2015

Background: Although childhood cancer is a rare disease, 100,000 children younger than 15 years of age die from cancer each year, the majority of them in developing countries. More data need to be gathered and published particularly in developing countries to better understand the scale of the problem. Aims: This study aimed to describe the patterns of childhood cancers in Saudi Arabia over a period of ten years (1999-2008). Materials and Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was based on secondary data from the Saudi Cancer Registry from 1999 to 2008. All Saudi cases (both genders), under the age of 15 years, who were diagnosed with cancer during the study period, were included in this study. Results: Childhood cancer in Saudi Arabia, in the period between 1999 and 2008, accounted for about 8% of total cancer cases. The most common encountered cancers were leukemia (34.1%), followed by lymphoma (15.2%), brain (12.4%), and kidney cancers (5.3%). The overall incidence of childhood cancers increased from 8.8 per 100,000 in 1999 to 9.8 per 100,000 in 2008. The incidence rates of cancers per 100,000 in the years 1999 and 2008 were generally higher among males, (9.4 and 11.5 in males vs. 8.3 and 8.1 in females). The highest incidence rate in the surveyed years was apparent in the birth to age 4 years group. Conclusions: Cancer is an important public health problem in Saudi Arabia and a major ascending contributor to mortality and morbidity in children. More studies are required to describe the patterns of childhood cancers and related risk factors in Saudi Arabia.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patterns of Over-the-Counter (OTC) drugs and their interactions with prescription drugs in adults visiting a community pharmacy. Method: The subjects were 151 adults aged over 20 years visiting a community pharmacy in Asan-si from December 16th 2011 to February 1st 2012. We used a survey questionnaire. The survey inquired about the prevalence and the details of any OTC drug use and the characteristics of the study subjects. The drug interaction classification system from Lexicomp's Lexi-interact data fields was used to identify OTC drugs likely to have clinically significant interactions with prescription drugs. Results: The patterns of OTC drug use were related to thirties (from 30 to 40 years old), female gender, higher education, non-smoking, sometimes use of alcohol, and self-perceived normal health status. The most commonly used OTC drug category was antipyretic-analgesics (n=104, 53.3%), and the most commonly used ingredient was acetaminophen (n=67, 64.4%). The biggest motivation for taking OTC drugs was suggestion by pharmacists, reported by 55.6%. After reviewing each patient's prescription drugs and OTC drugs, 14 patients (36.8%) of 38 patients using prescription drugs were taking drug combinations with potential for clinically significant interactions. The concomitant use of OTC drugs with prescription drugs may lead to increased potentially harmful interactions. Conclusion: It is suggested that health-care professionals should be more aware of the potential and possible interactions and take into better account their patients' OTC drug use.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.63-72
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to apply the types of urban street pattern and the shape of streets to the master plan of a religious community complexes. The street pattern is a framework of urban structure and to understand the urban structure is helpful to understand the nature of urban streets. By analysing the precedent researches, the types of street patterns are classified as a serial pattern, a branching pattern, a grid pattern and a web pattern. The street patterns are hierarchically composed and classified as a differential development and sequential development. There are boundaries and gates where the street space is differentiated to the more private level. The urban streets continue to the architectural streets such as arcades, deck streets, corridors, lobbies and halls. The purposes and results of the master plan of this religious community complexes are as follows. 1) The school area, housing area and service area are properly separated and connected. They are separated by the building masses and connected by the street space in between. 2) The street pattern of this complexes is a serial pattern where the streets are the center of each functional building groups. The entry square is divided by the symbolic building. The one branch is school street and the other is living street. These streets are combined again to the festival street. 3) The architectural streets are organically related to the urban streets. 4) Each street spaces are of adequate form according to its properties as a place. 5) There are boundaries or gates such as a gab between buildings, posts, arches and deck streets according to the relationship between streets.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.61-61
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• 2000

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2000

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.56-56
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• 1998

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.77-83
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• 1995

This study explores the patterns of housing-related attitudes and the kind of needs for shared community spaces among small-sized apartment housing dwellers. The major findings are as follows. The majority of the dwellers are in strong need of common spaces, especially for children's activities, Social gathering and physical exercises. Housing-related attitudes are found and grouped into 4categories the propensity to making up common society, the propensity to pursuing the quality of neighborhood, the propensity to orienting natural environment, and the propensity to participating in community. The intensity of the needs depends on family lifecycle, employment status of housewives, and the size of floor space. The propensity to making up common society and pursing the quality of neighborhood have stronger impact on needs of shared community space. This study reveals that the sense of community orientation is the most powerful predictor variable for shared community space needs .

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.185-201
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• 1994

The Quercus mongolica forest vegetation of Mt. Myongji was classified into two communities including four subunit communities and one typical subunit community by the Z-M method as follows: Acer pseudo-sieboldianum-Quercus mongolica community group Quercus mongolica - Isodon excisus community Quercus mongolica - Styrax obassia community Quercus mongolica - Lespedeza bicolor subunit coummunity Quercus mongolica - Aconitum longecassidatum subunit community Quercus mongolica - Rhododendrom schlippenbachii subunit community Quercus mongolica - Cornus controversa subunit community Quercus mongolica - Styrax obassia typical subunit community Acer pseudo-sieboldianum - Quercus mongolica community group was distributed over the upper region of the altitude 400m, and the differential species in the community were Carex siderosticata, Sephanandra incisa, Tripterygium regelii, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. The vegetation patterns for the slope and azimuth showed that the highest importance value for Quercus mongolica forest was observed on the broad subxeric area, and for Carpinus cordata and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum on the wet site, for Acer mono, Styrax obassia, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa on the xeric site. The best habitat condition for Quercus mongolica was found at a subxeric site at the altitude of 700-900m on southern slope and that for Acer pseudo-sieboldianum at the 700-1100m on northern slope.

• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2022

Lichen is a symbiotic mutualism of mycobiont and photobiont that harbors diverse organisms including endolichenic fungi (ELF). Despite the taxonomic and ecological significance of ELF, no comparative investigation of an ELF community involving isolation of a pure culture and high-throughput sequencing has been conducted. Thus, we analyzed the ELF community in Parmotrema tinctorum by culture and metabarcoding. Alpha diversity of the ELF community was notably greater in metabarcoding than in culture-based analysis. Taxonomic proportions of the ELF community estimated by metabarcoding and by culture analyses showed remarkable differences: Sordariomycetes was the most dominant fungal class in culture-based analysis, while Dothideomycetes was the most abundant in metabarcoding analysis. Thirty-seven operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were commonly observed by culture-and metabarcoding-based analyses but relative abundances differed: most of common OTUs were underrepresented in metabarcoding. The ELF community differed in lichen segments and thalli in metabarcoding analysis. Dissimilarity of ELF community intra lichen thallus increased with thallus segment distance; inter-thallus ELF community dissimilarity was significantly greater than intra-thallus ELF community dissimilarity. Finally, we tested how many fungal sequence reads would be needed to ELF diversity with relationship assays between numbers of lichen segments and saturation patterns of OTU richness and sample coverage. At least 6000 sequence reads per lichen thallus were sufficient for prediction of overall ELF community diversity and 50,000 reads per thallus were enough to observe rare taxa of ELF.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2008

The community size of culturable heterotrophic bacteria and community level physiological profiles (CLPP) in the rhizosphere of Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (Chinese cabbage) were analyzed in two different sites. The average community size of culturable heterotrophic bacteria ranged between $2.65\times10^6CFU\;g^{-1}$ soil (Suwon) and $3.75\times10^6CFU\;g^{-1}$ soil (Yesan), whereas those of bulk soils ranged between $2.45\times10^6CFU\;g^{-1}$ soil (Suwon) and $2.97\times10^6CFU\;g^{-1}$ soil (Yesan). The average functional richness of Suwon rhizoshpere was 90.8, whereas that of Yesan rhizosphere was 154.1. High level of correlation was found between the community size and functional richness. The most actively utilized substrates in both rhizospheres were adonitol, L-asparagine, D-gluconic acid, L-glutamic acid and D-galacturonic acid. Clear differences were seen in the utilization patterns between the two sites. Differences were also observed for the patterns of bulk soils between the two sites, although D-raffinose and D-mannose were found as the commonly utilized substrates.