• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.985-993
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate increasing doses of a novel microbial phytase (Cibenza Phytaverse, Novus International, St. Charles, MO, USA) on standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in canola meal (CM), corn, corn-derived distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), rice bran (RB), sorghum, soybean meal (SBM), sunflower meal (SFM), and wheat. Methods: Two cohorts of 36 pigs each (initial body weight = $78.5{\pm}3.7kg$) were randomly assigned to 2 rooms, each housing 36 pigs, and then allotted to 6 diets with 6 replicates per diet in a randomized complete block design. Test ingredient was the only dietary source of P and diets contained 6 concentrations of phytase (0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 phytase units [FTU]/kg) with 0.4% of $TiO_2$ as a digestibility marker. Feeding schedule for each ingredient was 5 d acclimation, 5 d fecal collection, and 4 d washout. The STTD of P increased (linear or exponential $p{\leq}0.001$) with the inclusion of phytase for all ingredients. Results: Basal STTD of P was 37.6% for CM, 37.6% for corn, 68.6% for DDGS, 10.3% for RB, 41.2% for sorghum, 36.7% for SBM, 26.2% for SFM, and 55.1% for wheat. The efficiency of this novel phytase to hydrolyze phytate is best described with a broken-line model for corn, an exponential model for CM, RB, SBM, SFM, and wheat, and a linear model for DDGS and sorghum. Based on best-fit model the phytase dose (FTU/kg) needed for highest STTD of P (%), respectively, was 735 for 64.3% in CM, 550 for 69.4% in corn, 160 for 55.5% in SBM, 1,219 for 57.8% in SFM, and 881 for 64.0% in wheat, whereas a maximum response was not obtained for sorghum, DDGS and RB within the evaluated phytase range of 0 to 2,000 FTU/kg. These differences in the phytase concentration needed to maximize the STTD of P clearly indicate that the enzyme does not have the same hydrolysis efficiency among the evaluated ingredients. Conclusion: Variations in enzyme efficacy to release P from phytate in various feedstuffs need to be taken into consideration when determining the matrix value for phytase in a mixed diet, which likely depends on the type and inclusion concentration of ingredients used in mixed diets for pigs. The use of a fixed P matrix value across different diet types for a given phytase concentration is discouraged as it may result in inaccurate diet formulation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.535-550
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the cooking process of $Bibimbab$(cooked rice mixed with various ingredients) appeared in cook books published after Korean modern era, approximately from late 19th century to the present. 7 cook books were chosen to be analyzed. It is found that the ingredients were mixed with the rice before being served in the cook books written in late 19th century until mid 20th century, while the ingredients were separately decorated on top of the rice in the cook books written from mid 20th century until late 20th century. $Gochujang$(Korean chilly paste), which is common spicy seasoning for $Bibimbab$ in the present time, appeared only in $Hangukeumak$(1987) which is written in late 20th century. Prior to $Hangukeumak$(1987), chilly powder or chilly was used for chilly-based spicy seasoning. Cook books written in late 19th century until mid 20th century, ingredients used for $Bibimbab$ had complicated cooking methods such as $Jeonyueo$(assorted pan-fried delicacies), $Nurumi$(fried beef skewer with various vegetables) and $Sanjeok$(grilled beef skewer). From mid 20th century until late 20th century, among the cook books analyzed in this research, only $Hankukyoribaekguasajeon$(1976) suggested $Jeonyueo$ as an ingredient, and in general, the cooking method for preparing beef became simpler. For further studies, firstly, the cooking procedures used for $Bibimbab$ in the prior period to the Korean modern era need to be examined for more information about the changes of cooking style of $Bibimbab$. Secondly, new $Bibimbab$ recipes for modern restaurants could be created by using the recipes used in the historical cook books. Finally, the definitions of culinary terms used in historical cook books need to be clarified.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.470-479
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• 2020

Objectives: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the death of 740,000 people around the world as of August 12, 2020. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Avian Influenza, and African Swine Fever are serious livestock diseases. Government agencies in Korea have provided ingredient information and usage instructions for disinfectants used to counter those infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the chemical ingredients in disinfectant products used against COVID-19 and certain livestock diseases. Methods: We collected information from the Korean government. The Central Disaster Management Headquarters and Central Disease Control Headquarters provided information on disinfectant products used against COVID-19. The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency of Korea provided information on efficacy-certified disinfectant products for use against selected livestock diseases. Health hazard and environmental hazard information on the ingredients in the disinfectants was collected from the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency's Material Safety Data Sheets, and toxicity value information was collected from United States Environmental Protection Agency's CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. Results: There were 76 COVID-19 disinfectant products in use, and the most common ingredients were benzalkonium chloride (51%), alkylbenzyl dimethyl ammonium (30%), and ethanol (3%). There were 216 livestock disease disinfectant products comprised of 89 acidic, 88 oxidic, 30 aldehydic, three alkaline, and six other products. Among the 49 active ingredients used in the disinfectants that were investigated, health and environmental hazard information was provided for many of them, but only 20 chemicals had official toxicological information. Conclusion: Since the disinfectants included numerous chemicals, an understanding of their chemical characteristics could be critical to prevent unintended human or environmental exposure.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.160-168
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• 2016

The classification and evaluation of cooking that is being published on the internet are presented without scientific criteria based on individual subjective factors. In this paper, we objectified the degree of cooking difficulty based on the information entropy. And we measured the similarity by calculating the common entropy between recipes and constructed a social network based on the recipe similarity. As a result of measuring the cooking difficulty, 'Dongtae Haemul-jjim' (Korean) and 'Vegetarian Lasagna' (Italy) are the most difficult recipes and 'Gochu-jang' (Korean) and 'Tofu steak' (Italy) are the easiest recipes. Through the recipe network, the similarity between Korean and Asian cooking is higher than Western cuisine. We showed a similar recipe to a particular cooking, the group of similar recipes, and reasonable schedule when preparing the menu from the viewpoint of ease of cooking.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.589-594
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Turmeric and its active component curcumin have received considerable attention due to their many recognized biological activities. Turmeric has been commonly used in food preparation and herbal remedies in South Asia, leading to a high consumption rate of curcumin in this region. However, the amount of curcumin in the Korean diet has not yet been estimated, where turmeric is not a common ingredient. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study utilized the combined data sets obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2008 to 2012 in order to estimate the curcumin intake in the Korean diet. The mean intake of curcumin was estimated from the amount of curcumin-containing foods (curry powder and ready-made curry) consumed using reported curcumin content in commercial turmeric and curry powders. RESULTS: Only 0.06% of Koreans responded that they consumed foods containing curcumin in a given day, and 40% of them were younger than 20 years of age. Curcumin-containing foods were largely prepared at home (72.9%) and a significant proportion (20.4%, nearly twice that of all other foods) was consumed as school and workplace meals. The estimated mean turmeric intake was about 0.47 g/day corresponding to 2.7-14.8 mg curcumin, while the average curry powder consumption was about 16.4 g, which gave rise to curcumin intake in the range of 8.2-95.0 mg among individuals who consumed curcumin. The difference in estimated curcumin intake by using the curcumin content in curry powder and turmeric may reflect that curry powder manufactured in Korea might contain higher amounts of other ingredients such as flour, and an estimation based on the curcumin content in the turmeric might be more acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the amount of curcumin that can be obtained from the Korean diet in a day is 2.7-14.8 mg, corresponding to nearly one fourth of the daily curcumin intake in South Asia, although curcumin is rarely consumed in Korea.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.471-475
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• 2016

Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the common food pathogens which may cause gastroenteritidis in human and animals. The microorganism also causes the economic loss in animal farming and food industry. In this study, the disinfection efficacy of a powder disinfectant containing phosphate compounds as a main ingredient, was evaluated against S. Typhimurium. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at $4^{\circ}C$. The disinfectant and test bacteria were diluted with hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. On HW and OM conditions, the bactericidal activity of the disinfectant against S. Typhimurium was 4- and 2-fold dilutions, respectively. As the disinfectant composed to phosphate compounds possesses bactericidal efficacy against pathogenic bacteria such as S. Typhimurium, the powder disinfectant can be used to control the spread of bacterial diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.179-188
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• 2012

This research study was to examine the relationships of social supports and depression among long-term care center residents. Depression of long-term care center residents is the most common mental health problem confronting older adults. It is estimated that 13 percent of people aged 65 years and over have a major depressive disorder in Korean Society of Welfare for the Aged. Social support is a key ingredient in dealing with emotional distress and a critical in helping people to cope with all kinds of extreme circumstance. As the result of this research, Perceived social support was found to be related to depression. However, network size was not a predictor of depression, and high health status is accounted for a lower portion of the variance in depression., the poor health status was one of the most powerful predictors of depression, From results of this research study, for social workers who are employed institutional-based agencies.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.16-35
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• 2013

Objectives : Proposed a formula analysis standard about the individual formula which is to be put in the specific discussions in order to increase the effect of formula education at the college of Korean medicine. Methods : Examined the ingredient combination analysis written in Agastache Powder to Rectify the Ki which was put in the 27kinds of formula science book published in both Korea and China. Results : Must analyze the formula according to the existing formula. The combination of the ingredients should be analyzed into herb pairs such as seven different combinations. The effect and disease for which medicine is efficacious, should be analyzed and tabulated by Agastache Powder to Rectify the Ki. The formula should be anlayzed and schematized by the sytem of Chief, Deputy, Assistant and Envoy. The basic formula should be analyzed and schematized by the combination of formula, adding and removing the ingredients. Analyzing Agastache Powder to Rectify the Ki into the system of Chief, Deputy, Assistant and Envoy shows the following: chief herb is Agastaches Herba; deputy herb is Perillae Folium and Angelicae dahuricae Radix; assistant herb is Pinelliae Rhizoma preparatum, Magnoliae officinalis Cortex, Citri reticulatae Pericarpium, Arecae Pericarpium, Platycodi Radix, Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma, Poria, and envoy herb is Glycyrrhizae Radix preparata, Zingiberis Rhizoma recens, Jujubae Fructus. Conclusions : In conclusion, it is believed that the formula education at colleges of Korean medicine would be effectively achieved if it is processed according to the standardized formula analysis and its rule about individual formula that is to be decided.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2009

Alopecia is a common form of hair loss in both male and female, affecting approximately ten million Koreans. Although medical treatments have been developed to treat alopecia, these treatments still have limitations due to complications that come with these treatments. In contrast, Korean red ginseng has been shown to have a stimulating effect on hair follicle and it has already been added to hair treatment products as a safe ingredient. This study was conducted to objectively evaluate the efficacy of Korean red ginseng in the treatment of alopecia. 40 patients suffering from androgenic alopecia were recruited and randomly divided into the experimental (20 patients) and control (20 patients) groups. The experimental group took Korean red ginseng extract (3,000 mg/day) for 24 weeks while the control group took a placebo. The changes of hair counts, thickness, and density were evaluated with Folliscope$^{(R)}$. Patient satisfaction was evaluated through a questionnaire, and clinical photographs were rated by dermatologists. The result of the study showed that Korean red ginseng effectively increased hair density and thickness. Patient satisfaction and evaluation of photographs by dermatologists also confirmed the effectiveness of Korean red ginseng in the treatment of alopecia.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.379-387
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• 2010

Sediments of Little Scioto (LS) River in Ohio was contaminated by poor disposal of creosote from Baker Wood Creosoting Facility. Among the primary compounds of creosote, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most common ingredient PAHs are known for toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds. There are many difficulties to remove the PAHs in nature environment because their characteristics are having a less water-solubility, volatile and low mobility properties as increasing the molecular weight. The generation of hydroxyl radicals (${\cdot}OH$) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) forms as well as high temperature (5000 K) and pressure (1000 atm) by a physico-chemical effects of ultrasound during a cavitation collapse can promote the degradation and desorption of PAHs in sediment And it can also produces shock wave and microjets which are able to change the size and surface of particle in solid-liquid system as one of physical effects. Therefore, we explored to understand the role of particle size, the effect of elimination for PAHs concentration by ultrasound and optimize the conditions for ultrasonic treatment. The condition of various size of particles (> $150{\mu}m$, < $150{\mu}m$) and solid-liquid ratio (12.5g/L, 25g/L) for the treatment was considered and ultrasonic power (430 W/L) with liquid - hexane extraction and microwave extraction method were applied after ultrasound treatment.