• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.582-591
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of elbow joint angle on mechanical properties, as represented by ultimate load, failure strain and elastic modulus, of bone-tendon specimens of common extensor tendon of the humeral epicondyle. Eight pairs of specimens were equally divided into two groups of 8 each, which selected arbitrarily from left or right side of each pair, positioned at 45$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$ of elbow flexion and subjected to tension to failure in the physiological direction of the common extensor tendon. For comparison of the differences in the failure and elastic modulus between tendon and the bone-junction, data for both were evaluated individually. Significant reduction in ultimate load of bone-tendon specimens was shown to occur at 45$^{\circ}$. The values obtained from the bone-tendon junctions with regard to the failure strain were significant higher than those from tendon in both loading directions, but the largest failure strain at the bone-tendon junction was found at 45$^{\circ}$. The elastic modulus was found to decrease significantly at the bone-tendon junction when the loading direction switched from 90$^{\circ}$ to 45$^{\circ}$. Histological observation, after mechanical tensile tests, in both loading directions showed that failure occurred at the interface between tendon and uncalcified fibrocartilage in the thinnest fibrocartilage zone of the bone-tendon junction. We concluded that differences in measured mechanical properties are a consequence of varying the loading direction of the tendon across the bone-tendon specimen.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.471-483
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to introduce the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for mathematics which is released on June 2, 2010 in the U.S.A. The common core state standards are aligned with college and work expectations, and include rigorous content and application of knowledge through high-order skills. The most distinguishable differences between the CCSS standards and the NCTM standards are that the CCSS standards considers the mathematical modeling as one of the mathematical content domains such as algebra, geometry, ets, and the standards are designed by working together with school leaders of all states.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 1996

This study was performed to analyse the common calls of poddle spectrographically : bark, growl, howl, snore, yelp and whine. The sonograms of 6 common calls were shown their own specific features. There were significant differences among each types of common callsin the parceter of minimun frequency of call (MIFC), maximun frequency of call (MAFC), duration of call (DC), interval between call (IBC), dominant frequency (DF), F1 formant, F2 formant and F3 formant (P<0.01). It was considered that it was possible to record the main common calls dogs by sonograms and it sould be applied to objective basic data for understanding the psychological stats of dogs, the social relationship among them and the relationship sith human being.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.655-664
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• 2006

This study aims to examine the gender characteristics depending on golfers' criteria of choosing golf-wear and to identify the differences in consumption propensity. The research methodology was through the use of questionnaires, completed by golfers in Gyeongnam. As a result of examining the gender differences in the criteria of choosing golf-wear, it has been found that female golfers give more considerations to suitability to body, care convenience, and functionality than male golfers do when choosing golf-wear. As a result of analyzing the factors regarding the consumption propensity of golf-wear, they are categorized into ostentaion, fashion, aesthetic appreciation and practicality. According to the consumption propensity, male golfers were classified into three groups: ostentatious perfection, practical, common group. Female golfer were classified into three groups: practical, common, ostentatious perfection group. Groups of men golfers showed significant differences in the factors of ostentation, fashion and aesthetic appreciation of the consumption propensity. Groups of women golfers, however, showed significant differences in the factors of ostentation and practicality of the consumption propensity. It is considered that marketers need to develop golf-wear according to the gender characteristics by referring to the fact that choice criteria differ according to gender and consumption propensity.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.33.2-33.2
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• 2014

Halo merger trees are essential backbones of semi-analytic models for galaxy formation and evolution. Recent studies have pointed out that extracting merger trees from numerical simulations of structure formation is non-trivial; different algorithm can give differing merger histories. Thus they should be carefully understood before being used as input for models of galaxy formation. As one of the projects proposed in the SUSSING MERGER TREES Workshop, we investigate the impact of different halo merger trees on a semi-analytic model. We find that the z = 0 global galaxy properties in our model show differences between trees when using a common parameter set, but that these differences are not very significant. However, the star formation history of the Universe and the properties of satellite galaxies can show marked differences between trees with different methods for constructing a tree. Calibrating the SAM for each tree individually to the empirical data can reduce the discrepancies between the z = 0 global galaxy properties, however this is at cost of increasing the differences in evolutionary histories of galaxies. Furthermore, the underlying physics implied can vary, resulting in key quantities such as the supernova feedback efficiency differing by factors of 2. Such a change alters the regimes where star formation is primarily suppressed by supernovae. Therefore, halo merger trees extracted from a common halo catalogue using different, but reliable, algorithms can result in a difference in the semi-analytic model, however, given the enormous uncertainties in galaxy formation physics, these are not necessarily significant.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.524-529
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• 2005

Socheongryong-tang(SCRT) is widely used to treat the common cold. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SCRT on Punghan type(風寒型) and Pungyeol type(風熱型) common cold. 98 registered students with commom colds of recent onset were randomized to the double blind, placebo-controlled study. SCRT extract in capsule, $5.4g(1.8g{\times}3cap)$, orally dissolved 3 times a day. The severity of illness was assessed by the physician, using a 5-point scale on start and finish. In Pungyeol type common cold, no statistically significant differences were detected between the SCRT and placebo groups for any of the measured outcomes. In Punghan type common cold, SCRT significantly reduced rhinorrhea (p=0.034) and nasal stuffiness (p=0.048) compared with placebo. This study shows that SCRT is effective in treating cold symptoms in Punghan type common cold. If patients with cold are able to be administered SCRT according to common cold type, the benefit would be expected to increase.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.403-407
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• 1997

Intraspecific sequence variation was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing of a 350-nucleotide region of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene of two natural populations (Han River and Nakdong River) and one hatchery stock (Jinhae Inland Fisheries Institute) of local strain common carp, one Israeli strain of common carp stock from Pukyong National University (PKU), and one hybrid between Israeli strain of common carp female and local strain common carp male from PKU stock. There is little variation in 350 bases of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences among 2 natural and 1 hatchery local strain common carp populatins, representing abut 7 to 20 nucleotide differences (less than 6%). The sequence of specimens from Han River was more similar to that from Nakdong River (identity=98.0%) than to that from Jinhae Inland Fisheries Institute (identity=96.3%). Sequence variation between Israeli strain and wild local strain common carp was higher than the variation within natural stocks. The level of variation was ranged from 15.7 to 17.7%. The hybrid showed very similar nucleotide4 sequence of 12S rRNA gene to the sequence of Israeli strain with the identity of 98.9%.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.163-192
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• 1997

As the population over the age of 65 increases, the demand for nurses who care for this group also continues to grow. Well-prepared nurses who are knowledgeable and skilled for the elderly can be prepared through systematic gerontological nursing curricula. This study was carried out to identify the needs for gerontological nursing curricular contents. The subjects for this study were two participant groups the educators who teach gerontological nursing in three-year and four-year baccalaureate nursing programs, and the nurses who are working with the elderly in hospitals, community health centers, social welfare agencies, and community health practioner's posts. The major findings of the study are as follows : 1. The differences between actual contents and essential contents of the educators : Concerning the actual contents that is actually taught, the educators showed the highest scores on the demographics of older adults and the lowest scores on the cultural variations affecting health care. Regarding the essential contents, the educators showed the highest scores on the demographics and the lowest scores on the economics of aging. Aside from the demographics, all of the items were found to have significant differences between essential and actual contents. This implies that all the content areas except demographics should be emphasized. 2. The differences between actual knowledge and essential knowledge of the nurses : Concerning the nurses' actual knowledge, the nurses showed the highest scores on the common health problems and their treatment and the lowest scores on the politics of aging. Regarding the essential knowledge, nurses showed the highest scores on the chronic illness and common health problems and the lowest scores on their roles and functions. However, they thought all the items to be essential. All of the items were found to have significant differences between actual and essential knowledge. The nurses who studied gerontological nursing in their school years and after graduating had more knowledge. However, they felt more knowledge was needed. This implies that the nurses need more education in all content areas of gerontological nursing. 3. The differences between educators and nurses : Concerning the essential contents, the educators showed higher scores on the demographics and growth and development than the nurses. Whereas, the nurses showed higher scores on the cultural variations, long-term care, economics of aging, politics of aging, legal and ethical issues, and common health problems than the educators. 4. Activities of nursing care for the elderly : Most common activities were related to direct nursing care such as giving physical care, counseling/teaching clients, and assessing and planning care for the clients. Nurses thought that all the items were critical, but they showed relatively low scores on the following :'serve on multidisciplinary committee', 'preparing reports', 'evaluation of outcomes of care', 'determine policy for nursing service', 'set patient care standards', and 'participate in nursing research' The constraints in providing better nursing service were time constraints, administrative restraints, social restraints, and inadequate knowledge.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between academic personality types and academic achievement in an effort to seek teaching and learning strategies geared toward improving the academic achievement of students. The subjects in this study were 400 dental hygiene students who were randomly selected from three-year colleges in Gyeonggi Province. Their academic personality types and academic achievement were investigated, and the findings of the study were as follows: 1. As for the academic personality types of the subjects, the inquiry-oriented type was most dominant, and the ideal-oriented one was least common. 2. In regard to differences in academic personality types according to academic year, the inquiry-oriented type was most common in every academic year, and there were statistically significant differences(p<.05). 3. As to differences in academic personality types according to academic achievement, the best academic achievement was found in the norm-oriented type, and there were statistically significant differences(p<.05). 4. Concerning differences among the subjects in academic satisfaction according to academic personality types, there were no statistically significant differences(p>.05). When the above-mentioned findings of the study were pieced together, the academic achievement of the subjects varied with their academic personality types, and it's consequently necessary to make an effort to apply different teaching methods and learning methods according to their preferences. As there are individual variances among students in achievement goal, preferred learning method and experience though they study in the same space with different learning methods, the development of student guidance programs tailored to academic personality types seems necessary.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.143-162
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• 2011

This study presents a meta-anlalytic review of 119 studies, published between 1990 and 2009, of gender differences and variables associated with overt and relational aggression during childhood and adolescence. Gender differences in overt aggression were found to be significantly higher in boys than girls, but significant gender differences in relational aggression were not found. Gender differences of only overt aggression are moderated by age and the reporter type. In general, both overt and relational aggression are more strongly related to maladjustment than adjustment. In addition to this, overt and relational aggression has both common and differential associations with relative levels of maladjustment and adjustment. The moderation of these effect sizes of both overt and relational aggression by age and the reporter type was found.