• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mesiodistal widths at the cervical level of primary second molars in Korean children, and to compare them with commercial rubber dam clamps commonly used in pediatric dentistry. Dental casts of 115 primary and mixed dentition children were studied. Cervical mesiodistal width (C-MD) was measured at the clinical cervical level of each primary second molar from buccal and lingual sides using a digital caliper (Absolute, Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan). The data were compared with mesiodistal widths of rubber dam clamps #203/204, #10/11, and #205 (Dentech, Japan). C-MDs of primary mandibular second molars were larger than those of primary maxillary second molars, and C-MDs at buccal sides were larger than those of lingual sides. All C-MDs showed statistically significant discrepancies to corresponding widths on clamps (p < 0.05). However the amount of discrepancy was mild in maxillary teeth, while up to 1 mm of discrepancy was shown in mandibular teeth. In conclusion, C-MDs measured in this study imply a relatively fair fit of #10/#11 or #203/#204 clamps on primary maxillary second molars, while suggesting our need for a better clamp with proper size for primary mandibular second molars.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.793-803
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• 1993

This study was designed to measure viscosity, osmolality and in vitro flow rates via nasogastric tubes for 6 types of commercially available and 9 hospital-blenderized enteral solutions and to examine the effect of viscosity and osmolaility of enteral formula on the flow rates in gravity drip administration. Each solution was infused through 18, 16, 14, 12 French sizes of silicone rubber tube. Flow rates were measured six times at $25^{\circ}C$ using formula bags and drip sets hung at a uniform height on a intravenous drip stand with tube uniformly positioned in collecting container. Viscosity ranged widely from 16.0 to 195.5 cps with mean, 64.61$\pm$64.42 for hospital-blenderized formula while mean viscosity of commercial formula was 7.60$\pm$4.84 cps. Mean osmolality of commercial formula and hospital-blenderized formula were 370$\pm$100.80, 540.33$\pm$89.37 mOsm/kg respectively. There was negative relationship between viscosity of formula and flow rates through tubes but no significant relationship between flow rates and osmolalty. Some of hospital-blenderized formula was too viscous to be infused througth tube with gravity drip administration and the recipe of formula requires to be modiifed. On the other hand, commercial formula with the low viscosity flows too rapidly with large bore size tubes. Smaller size of tube must be selected for hyperosmolar solution to decrease possible side effects associated with tube feeding. Two kinds of regression equations for flow rates obtained according to viscosity and tube sizes were also presented for the purpose of practical uses. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that viscosity of fomula, osmolality, patient's tolerance and comfort, caloric density should be considered in the selection of tubes for gravify drip administration.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.96-112
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• 2018

This study developed the pants pattern, that improved appearance and gesture functions in clothes to resolve inconveniences in case of activities with being adequate in fitness of slim-fit pants for obese adolescents. The slim-fit pants pattern was developed through the fitting test after designing and making the pattern of the experimental clothing A(c/pu; 99/1%) with the primary commercial clothing as basic prototype, through the fitting test and implementation of the experimental clothing, modified and supplemented secondarily, and through the fitting test of the second experimental clothing, modified and supplemented tertiary. In terms of findings, first, as a result of analyzing the commercial slim-fit pants, it is interpreted to have projected an optical illusion, that appears to be slim due to being narrow in width of the front panel when observed from the front of the pants. Second, in the fitting test of the first experimental clothing, the prototype of commercial clothing was understood to have improved butt, crotch, waist and femoral regions. Third, pattern design of the second experimental clothing was allowed to decline abdominal pressure, in case of the sitting position, by making the crotch line in the front panel short and by handling it with a yoke belt, and was processed a difference between waist and hip circumference in the back panel, with a rubber band in the whole waist part. Fourth, in the gesture function test of the third experimental clothing, high evaluation was received in every item excluding the knee region.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.696-703
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• 2005

Recently, the collision problems between a bridge and a navigating ship are frequently issued at the stage of structure design. Even the many study results about vessel to vessel collision are presented, but the collision studies between vessel and bridge structure have been hardly presented. In this study, nonlinear dynamic analysis of vessel and fender system carry out using ABAQUS/Explicit commercial program with consideration of some parameters, such as bow structure we composed to shell element also ship's hull is modeling to beam element. Also, buoyancy effect is considered as spring element. The two types of fender systems was comparable with both collision analysis about steel materials fender system and rubber fender system On the purpose of study is analyzed the plasticity dissipated energy of vessel and fender system. We blow characteristic that kinetic energy is disappeared by plastic large deformation in case of collision. Also, We considered dissipated kinetic energy considering friction effect.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.1195_1196
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• 2009

Light rail transit is classified to rubber-tired LRT, lear induction motor LRT, steel wheel LRT, monorail and tramway. LRT except for tramway are usually operated without driver and tramway are driven depending on driver's sight like usual car. LRT, which is one type of urban guided transit, shall be operated according to domestic "Operational Regulation for Urban Guided Transit" but existing regulation does not contain the safety related codes for driverless operation. In this paper, we investigate "IEC 62267 : Railway Application-Safety Requirements for Automated Urban Guided Transit" and compensate for existing operational regulation by referring to international standard and operational rule of commercial line.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.189-203
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• 1998

Packer-dilatometer techniques, which are borehole-dilatometer techniques using commercial rubber packer, were developed to measure the deformability of rocks. Packer-dilatometers for 0.5 inch, AX, BX, NX and HX size boreholes were developed and were used for rock deformability measurements in the field. In the packer-dilatometer method, the packer pressurizes the borehole-wall and the borehole deformation is determined by the amount of fluid injected into the packer. A detailed description of the theoretical development of quantitative interpretation of the packer-dilatometer method; apparatus, setup and procedures for the determining of calibration constants; contact pressure determination and field tests using the packer-dilatometer are provided.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.511-517
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• 2009

The mechanical impedance and stiffness of the foundation of shipboard equipments and hulls supported by anti-vibration mount are very important so that the anti-vibration mount can accomplish its performance effectively. But, it is frequently argued how much stiffness and mechanical impedance are necessary for those foundations and hulls. In this research, it is discussed by evaluating the dynamic stiffness of the commercial anti-vibration mounts used in a naval vessel. Consequently, in this research, the minimum level of the mechanical impedance and stiffness of the foundation of shipboard equipments and hulls are suggested considering the dynamic stiffness of the mount which varies as frequency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.490-495
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• 2001

This paper deals with an analysis and countermeasure for improving the shock performance of laptop computers. The shock analysis is carried out by using the commercial program of LS-DYNA3D. Also the analysis is verified by the measurements from modal tests and shock tests. The available countermeasures are investigated theoretically and experimentally to find the effective methods of reducing the shock acceleration on hard disk driver during one side fall test. The hard disk drive is the most sensitive part in a laptop computer. This research shows the effects of the spring constant of rubber pad, the reinforcement of mechanical parts and the location of a hard disk driver, on the shock reduction.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 1962

The usefulness of a propionylated paper chromatography to the identification of various insoluble organic antioxidants in rubber vulcanizates was studied. Purified commercial antioxidants and commercially mixed antioxidants could be identified by the propionylated paper chromatography. Antioxidants were identified by the propionylated paper chromatography from acetone extract of pure gum vulcanizates, which were either unaged or aged in Geer-Oven. The $R_f$ values from acetone extracts of vulcanizates were a little lower than those purified samples, but the colours and shapes of the spots support the identification. No spot could be obtained by the method from the aged vulcanizate containing antioxidant 200 (2,6 Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol). This indicates that the antioxidant was converted or decomposed to other compound after aging. It was concluded from the above results that the propionylated paper chromatography is useful to identify the antioxidants from vulcanizates and presents a key for elucidating the mechanism of the inhibition.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.809-815
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• 2007

The floor structure of railway vehicles consists of plywood, rubber, and wood keystone plate which affects on the comfort of passengers. Its structural characteristics has been investigated experimentally and numerically for samples of beam and plate structure, and the real floor structure in this paper. The material properties of etch part measured directly by experiments. The deformation and stress distribution of the sample beams for 6 different joints were sought experimentally and calculated using a commercial software. The numerical calculation shows that the effect of friction and clearance between joints is crucial. The DMU/EMU plates were also experimented and compared for different loading conditions. The structural characteristics of the whole floor structure were calculated numerically. The results show that the method of joint between plywoods is an important factor to decide the strength of the floor structure of railway vehicles.