• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.11-16
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• 2020

Footpad dermatitis (FPD) can be considered as a threat for poultry production due to it causes losses due to condemnation in slaughterhouse. The prevalence and the severity of FPD in broiler breeders increase over time with development of poultry industry. The condition is produced by multifactorial including include drinker design and management, diet composition, house (temperature and humidity levels), litter (type, quality, and quantity) and gut health. Bacterial infections can be associated. FPD lesions can develop in less than a week. FPD is a variable size of inflammatory lesion of the footpad in commercial poultry characterized by necrotic lesions on the plantar surface of the footpad of poultry. These lesions can be exposed after removal of fecal mass and litter stuck on it. There are considerable and numerous interactions between the environment and the genetic traits. Prevention depends mainly on improvement of litter condition. Genetic selection against footpad dermatitis must be contributed to reduce pain and suffering for particular bird experiencing contact dermatitis as well as to avoid economic losses. The objective of this review is to collect different literature written about FPD to be available to students, researchers and veterinarian in poultry practical.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.877-883
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• 2006

A feeding trial was conducted on commercial broilers for a period of 35 days to determine the individual and combined effects of aflatoxin (AF) and T-2 toxin (T-2) on performance, organ weights and immune status. The efficacy of dietary glucomannan-containing yeast product (GYP) ($Mycosorb^{(R)}$) and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) in preventing the adverse effects of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin was also evaluated. Twelve dietary treatments ($4{\times}3$ factorial) comprising two dietary levels each of AF (0 and 2 mg/kg), T-2 toxin (0 and 1 mg/kg), GYP (0 and 1 kg/ton) and HSCAS (0 and 10 kg/ton) were tested on 720 commercial broiler chickens divided at random into 36 replicates of 20 chicks each (10 males and 10 females). Weight gain and feed intake were recorded weekly. Organ morphology and antibody titers for Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) were measured on the $35^{th}$ day. AF and T-2 toxin individually decreased weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.05). AF alone (p<0.05) increased weights of liver, kidney, gizzard and spleen and reduced thymus and bursal weights. T-2 toxin (p<0.05) increased liver and gizzard weights and decreased thymus weight. Both AF and T-2 toxin when fed individually affected ND and IBD titers in a significant manner. Significant interactions between AF and T-2 toxin were observed for their additive effects on weight gain, FCR, organ weights and antibody titers. Addition of GYP (p<0.05) improved weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and restored the organ weights. Antibody titers against ND and IBD were significantly improved with the supplementation of GYP. Supplementation of HSCAS (p<0.05) resulted in improvement in weight gain and restored organ weights in the groups fed AF alone, but not in T-2 toxin fed groups. HSCAS inclusion did not influence FCR in toxin fed groups. Addition of HSCAS (p<0.05) improved the antibody titers against ND and IBD only in AF fed groups. Thus, the results indicate that addition of GYP is effective in averting the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in commercial broilers, while HSCAS is effective only against aflatoxin.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2013

This research was conducted to compare the meat characteristics of Korean native duck and imported commercial duck. The Korean native ducks and imported commercial ducks (broiler duck: Grimaud) were raised under identical rearing and feeding conditions for 8 wk and 6 wk, respectively. At the end of the rearing period, ten ducks from each group were slaughtered, and breast and leg meat were obtained 24 h after slaughtering for analyses of meat characteristics. The results showed that the breast of Korean native ducks contained lower moisture and fat, and higher protein and water holding capacity (WHC) than those of imported commercial ducks (p<0.05). The breast of Korean native ducks also had higher CIE $a^*$ and lower CIE $L^*$ (p<0.05). After cooking, the breast meat of Korean native ducks had higher shear-force, sensory attributes of texture, taste and overall likeness (p<0.05). Also, the breast meat of Korean native ducks contained a higher percentage of palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$) and arachidonic acid ($C_{20:4}$) (p<0.05) than those of imported commercial ducks. Furthermore, the leg meat of Korean native ducks contained higher percentages of total unsaturated fatty acid and lower percentages of total saturated fatty acid (p<0.05). It is concluded that the meat from Korean native ducks, especially breast meat, had better quality parameters and contained higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 1983

In an effort to understand epizootiological aspects of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), a total of 56 chicken flocks in six farms comprised of 35 broiler breeder, 13 commercial layer and 6 layer breeder flocks. were investigated. The farms experienced ILT during the period of one year from June, 1982. In most farms the birds were vaccinated against ILT just before or after the disease outbreak. In two of the farms in which ILT broke out in winter, it was possible to contain the disease in only one or two fleets without transmitting it to the remaining 5 to 7 flocks in the farms by adopting strict isolation procedures for the affected flocks. In regarding inter- flock spreading speed, it took an average of 6 days for flocks rearing on floor and 11 days for those in cages. Among the flecks in rearing cages. transmission among laying flocks was much faster. taking an average of 8 days, compared to non-laying flocks of 17 days, suggesting spreading of the disease by means of egg trays or egg collection process. Peak mortality was observed between 5 and 10 days after from the time of appearance of first dead birds from the disease and the period of mortality, with an average of 18 days, was not influenced by rearing systems, breeds and age of birds. Mortalities in the affected flocks ranged from lo/e to 19.8%, with an average of 6.5 %, and was also not influenced by the above variables except significantly lower mortality in immature broiler breeder flocks (2.9%) compared to immature layer (11.8%) and mature broiler breeder flocks (6.9%). In one breeder farm in which all the birds were kept on floor and ILT broke out in summer, mortality in male birds in all seven flocks of 37 weeks of age or older was as high as twice of that in female birds in the same flocks. This trend was not observed in one 31 weeks old flock and was reversed in another 14 weeks old flock in the farm.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2017

This study was conducted to identify the quality and functional properties of meat and meat batter among commercial broilers and two different ages of spent layers. Breast and whole leg meat samples were prepared from the broilers and spent layers to compare meat quality traits: Commercial broiler (Arbor Acre; 6-week-old) and two different ages of spent layers (Hy-Line; 70 and 95-week-old). Three types of meat batters containing breast meat as 50% of total ingredients were also prepared to analyze processing qualities. The broiler showed the highest water holding capacity (p<0.05) and the lowest cooking loss value (p<0.05) in both meat and meat batter samples. The breast and leg meat of the 95-week-old layers showed the highest shear force value (p<0.05), and also showed the highest shear force and hardness values in the meat batter. Although the oldest layer meat showed tougher textural traits than the 70-week-old layers, no significant differences were found for cooking loss and water loss values in both the meat and meat batter samples. Besides, panelists gave equivalent scores within different ages and parts of the cooked layer meats in the sensory evaluation. Similar ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, and omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids were obtained from both the 70-week-old layer and 95-week-old layer meats. In conclusion, the 95-week-old spent layers, especially for breast meat, had equivalent potential as raw materials for processed meat products compared to the 70-week-old layers.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2012

The objective of the present study was to isolate and identify infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) from broiler and layer chickens of outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in three districts of Bangladesh. A total of 70 bursal samples were collected from dead broiler (n=40) and layer (n=30) chickens showing specific lesions of IBD from seven commercial poultry farms of three different districts (Mymensingh, Chittagong and Tangail) of Bangladesh during the year 2007. Five representative bursal samples from each farm were used for the isolation of IBDVs using 9-day-old embryonated eggs of seronegative flock of layer birds and for identification the samples were subjected to agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIDT), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Out of 35 bursal samples, IBDVs were successfully isolated from 28 (80%) samples. By AGIDT, 32 (91.4%) samples were found positive for IBDV antigen. Results of AGIDT clearly indicated that IBDVs detected in 29 bursal samples of six affected farms were identical to each other but not to IBDVs present in the remaining three samples of another farm. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining of the bursal sections revealed the presence of IBDV antigen in 32 (91.4%) samples and the IBDV antigen was detected mainly in the cortex of the lymphoid follicles of the bursal tissues. In histopathology, cell depletion, atrophy and necrosis were observed in many bursal follicles with severe edema of interfollicular septa. Of the 35 bursal samples, 34 (97.1%) samples generated 254 bp product by RT-PCR. In conclusion, the results of virus isolation and identification by AGIDT, IHC and the analysis of viral genome by RT-PCR confirmed the outbreaks of acute IBD in commercial poultry of Bangladesh. Moreover, histopathological findings and results of AGIDT gave a clear indication that the isolates from six outbreaks were different from classical strain and it seems to be of very virulent strain. On the other hand, the isolates from the other outbreak were similar to the classical strain.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1892-1903
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• 2022

Objective: A series of experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing a part of soybean meal (SBM) at 6% of broiler diets with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) obtained by single or two-stage fermentation by measuring growth performance, antioxidant activity in the jejunum and distal intestinal microflora. Methods: Soybean meal samples were prepared by single-stage fermentation using Bacillus velezensis (Bv) (FSBM_B), or Lactobacillus spp. (as commercial control) (FSBM_L). Additional SBM sample was prepared by two-stage fermentation using Bv and subsequently using Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367 (Lb) (FSBM_B+L). Enzyme activity, chemical composition, trichloroethanoic acid-nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI) and antioxidant activity were measured. Then, in an in vivo study, 320 Ross308 broilers were divided into four groups with ad libitum supply of feed and water. Four groups were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM), or one of fermented SBM diets (FSBM_B+L, FSBM_B, and FSBM_L). Growth, serum characteristics, microflora, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Results: Compared to SBM, FSBM_B+L contained lower galacto-oligosaccharide, allergic protein, and trypsin inhibitor, and higher TCA-NSI by about three times (p<0.05). Reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability correlated positively with the TCA-NSI content in FSBM. Growth performances were not significantly different among four groups. In jejunum of 35-day-old broilers, partial replacement of SBM by FSBM_B+L increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), and the FSBM_B group had the highest catalase activity (p<0.05). Partial replacement of SBM by FSBM increased relative mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) (p<0.05); however, FSBM_B+L increased CAT mRNA level to 5 times of the control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using Bv- and Lb-processed SBM through two-stage fermentation to partially replace 6% of diets will improve the gut's antioxidant activity under commercial breeding in broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1354-1360
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• 2006

Maize-soybean meal diets with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg double zero rapeseed meal ('00' RSM) with and without an enzyme mixture (xylanase, pectinase, cellulase) at a level of 1.6 g/kg were evaluated with 624 day-old broiler chicks for 5 weeks. The birds were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments with three replicates of 26 birds each. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (FI) were recorded weekly and ileal viscosity, organ weights, serum enzyme activity, hormonal profile and hematological parameters were measured at the end of week 5. Average daily gain during the weekly periods was significantly influenced by the dietary level of '00'RSM (p<0.01). Inclusion of '00' RSM improved the ADG up to day 28 with the increased level; beyond that time no improvement was recorded when compared to control groups. However, ADG from 1-35 days was significantly different between 300 g/kg inclusion level of '00' RSM and the control diet. Inconsistent decline in feed intake and feed conversion ratio was observed up to day 21 and the trend was reversed thereafter. The proportion of '00' RSM in the diet had a significant ($p{\leq}0.05$) influence on thyroid weight but had no effect on the relative weights of liver and heart, serum enzyme activities (${\gamma}$-glutamyl transferase, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase), thyroid hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$), hemoglobin level and hematocrit. Significant improvement in ADG was recorded during the 2nd week of age with the addition of enzyme, whereas for all other periods, including the whole period of the trial, higher but non-significant ADG was observed. FI and FCR were not affected by the addition of enzyme but there was a numerical reduction in FCR during the whole period. The addition of enzyme reduced the ileal viscosity at all levels of '00' RSM inclusion. The results suggest that '00' RSM can be included up to 300 g/kg in broiler diets without any adverse effects on health and performance. The addition of commercial enzyme mixture containing xylanase, pectinase, cellulase to broiler diets containing '00'RSM has some effect on growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.335-346
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary rosemary on performance, microflora population in cecum and noxious gas emission from litter of broiler. A total of 216 broiler chicks at 7 days old were fed the commercial diet (control), added 0.5% level of dried rosemary leaves (5 g/kg diet, T1) and 1.0% level of dried rosemary leaves (10 g/kg diet, T2) for 4 weeks. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved by feeding rosemary at 7 to 35 days of age (P<0.05), but there was no difference between T1 and T2. Amount of feed intake and mortality were not different among the three group. There was an increase in the microflora population of Lactobacillus (P<0.05) and decreased in E. coli and salmonella (P<0.05) in the cecum contents at 21 and 35 days of age. Emission of ammonia gas from litter was significantly decreased by supplementary rosemary at 21 to 35 days of age (P<0.05), but there was no difference between T1 and T2. These results indicated that feeding 0.5 to 1.0% level of dried rosemary leaves during broiler production improved in the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio because of increasing nutrient digestibility from feed, also increase in intestinal beneficial bacteria and decrease in harmful bacteria in the cecum contents, and decreasing emission of ammonia gas from litter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1287-1293
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• 2016

The objectives of this experiment was to evaluate the subsequent growth and organ weights, blood profiles and cecal microbiota of broiler chicks fed pre-starter diets containing fermented soybean meal products during early phase. A total of nine hundred 1-d-old chicks were randomly assigned into six groups with six replicates of 25 chicks each. The chicks were fed control pre-starter diet with dehulled soybean meal (SBM) or one of five experimental diets containing fermented SBM products (Bacillus fermented SBM [BF-SBM], yeast by product and Bacillus fermented SBM [YBF-SBM]; Lactobacillus fermented SBM 1 [LF-SBM 1]; Lactobacillus fermented SBM 2 [LF-SBM 2]) or soy protein concentrate (SPC) for 7 d after hatching, followed by 4 wk feeding of commercial diets without fermented SBMs or SPC. The fermented SBMs and SPC were substituted at the expense of dehulled SBM at 3% level on fresh weight basis. The body weight (BW) during the starter period was not affected by dietary treatments, but BW at 14 d onwards was significantly higher (p<0.05) in chicks that had been fed BF-SBM and YBF-SBM during the early phase compared with the control group. The feed intake during grower and finisher phases was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatments. During total rearing period, the daily weight gains in six groups were 52.0 (control), 57.7 (BF-SBM), 58.5 (YBF-SBM), 52.0 (LF-SBM 1), 56.7 (LF-SBM 2), and 53.3 g/d (SPC), respectively. The daily weight gain in chicks fed diet containing BF-SBM, YBF-SBM, and LF-SBM 2 were significantly higher values (p<0.001) than that of the control group. Chicks fed BF-SBM, YBF-SBM, and LF-SBM 2 had significantly lower (p<0.01) feed conversion ratio compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in the relative weight of various organs and blood profiles among groups. Cecal microbiota was altered by dietary treatments. At 35 d, chicks fed on the pre-starter diets containing BF-SBM and YBF-SBM had significantly increased (p<0.001) lactic acid bacteria, but lowered Coli-form bacteria in cecal contents compared with those fed the control diet. The number of Bacillus spp. was higher (p<0.001) in all groups except for LF-SBM 1 compared with control diet-fed chicks. At 7 d, jejunal villi were significantly lengthened (p<0.001) in chicks fed the fermented SBMs vs control diet. Collectively, the results indicate that feeding of fermented SBMs during early phase are beneficial to the subsequent growth performance in broiler chicks. BF-SBM and YBF-SBM showed superior overall growth performance as compared with unfermented SBM and SPC.