• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.481-492
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• 2019

Due to the underground openings, the tangentially concentrated stress of the tunnel remains larger at excavation boundary and decreases toward the interior of the surrounding rock with a certain gradient. In order to study the effect of different gradient stress on rockburst, the true-triaxial gradient and hydraulic-pneumatic combined test apparatus were carried out to simulate the rockburst processes. Under the different gradient stress conditions, the rock-like specimen (gypsum) was tested independently through three principal stress directions loading--fast unloading of single surface--top gradient and hydraulic-pneumatic combined loading, which systematically analyzed the macro-mesoscopic damage phenomena, force characteristics and acoustic emission (AE) signals of the specimen during rockburst. The experimental results indicated that the rockburst test under the gradient and hydraulic-pneumatic combined loading conditions could perfectly reflect the rockburst processes and their stress characteristics; Relatively high stress loading could cause specimen failure, but could not determine its mode. The rockburst under the action of gradient stress suggested that the failure mode of specimen mainly depended on the stress gradient. When the stress gradient was lower, progressive and static spalling failure occured and the rockburst grades were relatively slight. On the other hand, shear fractures occurred in rockbursts accounted for increasingly large proportion as the stress gradient increased and the rockburst occurred more intensely and suddenly, the progressive failure process became unconspicuous, and the rockburst grades were moderate or even stronger.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2014

The addition of steel fibers in concrete mixture is recognized as a non-conventional mass reinforcement scheme that improves the torsional, flexural, and shear behavior of structural members. However, the analysis of fiber reinforced concrete beams under combined torsion, bending, and shear is limited because of the complicated nature of the problem. Therefore, nonlinear 3D finite element analysis was conducted using the "ANSYS CivilFEM" program to investigate the behavior of fiber reinforced concrete L-beams. These beams were tested at different reinforcement schemes and loading conditions. The reinforcement case parameters were set as follows: reinforced with longitudinal reinforcement only and reinforced with steel bars and stirrups. All beams were tested under two different combined loading conditions, namely, torsion-to-shear ratio (T/V) = 545 mm (high eccentricity) and T/V = 145 mm (low eccentricity). Eight intermediate L-beams were constructed and tested in a laboratory under combined torsion, bending, and shear to validate the finite element model. Comparisons with the experimental data reveal that the program can accurately predict the behavior of L-beams under different reinforcement cases and combined loading ratios. The ANSYS model accurately predicted the loads and deformations for various types of reinforcements in L-beams and captured the concrete strains of these beams.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1117-1126
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• 2002

A conducting crack in an electrostrictive ceramic under combined electric and mechanical loading is investigated. Analysis based on linear dielectric model predicts that the surfaces of the crack are not open completely but they are contact near the crack tip. The complete solution for the crack with a contact zone in a linear electrostrictive ceramic under combined electric and mechanical loading is obtained by using the complex variable formula. The asymptotic problems for a semi-infinite crack with a partial opening zone as well as for a fully open semi-infinite crack in a nonlinear electrostrictive ceramic are analyzed in order to investigate the effect of the electrical nonlinearity on the stress intensity factor under small scale nonlinear conditions. Particular attention is devoted to a finite crack in the nonlinear electrostrictive ceramic subjected to combined electric and mechanical loading. The stress intensity factor for the finite crack under small scale nonlinear conditions is obtained from the asymptotic analysis.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.157-185
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• 2014

This paper examines the behaviour of two types of practical open beam-to-tubular column connection details subjected to combined moment, axial and/or shear loads. Detailed continuum finite element models are developed and validated against available experimental results, and extended to deal with flexural, axial and shear load interactions. A numerical investigation is then carried out on the behaviour of selected connections with different stiffness and strength characteristics under various load combination scenarios. The influence of applied levels of axial tensile or compressive loads on the bending stiffness and capacity is examined and discussed. Additionally, the interaction effects between shear forces and co-existing bending and axial loads are examined and shown to be comparatively insignificant in terms of stiffness and capacity in most cases. It is also shown that the range of connections considered in this paper can provide rotational ductility levels in excess of those required under typical design scenarios. Based on these findings, a simplified component-based representation is proposed and described, and its ability to represent the connection response under combined loading is verified using results from detailed numerical simulations.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.291-308
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• 2014

A nonlinear, three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted on six intermediate L-shaped spandrel beams using the "ANSYS Civil FEM" program. The beams were constructed and tested in the laboratory under eccentric concentrated load at mid-span to obtain a combined loading case: torsion, bending, and shear. The reinforcement case parameters were as follows: without reinforcement, with longitudinal reinforcement only, and reinforced with steel bars and stirrups. All beams were tested under two different combined loading conditions: T/V = 545 mm (high eccentricity) and T/V = 145 mm (low eccentricity). The failure of the plain beams was brittle, and the addition of longitudinal steel bars increased beam strength, particularly under low eccentricity. Transverse reinforcement significantly affected the strength at high eccentricities, that is, at high torque. A program can predict accurately the behavior of these beams under different reinforcement cases, as well as under different ratios of combined loadings. The ANSYS model accurately predicted the loads and deflections for various types of reinforcements in spandrel beams, and captured the critical crack regions of these beams.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.609-617
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• 2011

최근 효율을 높이기 위한 플랜드의 환경이 고온, 고압으로 변화함에 따라 열하중과 기계하중을 동시에 반영한 균열 평가는 플랜트의 건전성을 위하여 반드시 필요하다. C(t)-적분은 고온 균열 평가에 있어서 천이 크리프 상태의 균열을 평가하는 중요한 요소이다. 열하중과 기계하중이 동시에 작용하는 환경에서의 C(t)-적분을 예측하는 것은 복잡하며 하중조건이 달라지는 경우에는 더욱더 복잡해진다. 본 논문에서는 열하중과 기계하중의 하중조건이 달라지는 여러 조건에 대한 C(t)-적분 평가식을 제시하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제91권6호
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• pp.627-642
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• 2024

In the present work, the deformation and stresses induced in a functionally graded disk have been reported for different loading conditions. The governing differential equation is solved using the classical method namely Navier's method by considering thermal and mechanical boundary conditions at the surface of the disk. To simplify solving the second-order differential equation, a plane stress condition was assumed. Following validation using a one-dimensional steady-state heat condition problem, temperature variations were computed for constant heat generation and varying conductivity. The research aims to investigate both the individual and combined effects of rotation, gravity, and temperature with constant heat generation on a hollow disk operating under complex loading conditions. The results demonstrated a high degree of accuracy when compared with those in existing literature. Material properties, such as Young's modulus, density, conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficient, were modeled using a power law variation along the disk's radius by considering aluminum as a base material. The proposed analytical method is straightforward, providing valuable insights into the behavior of disks under various loading conditions. This method is particularly useful for researchers and industries in selecting appropriate loading conditions and grading parameters for engineering applications, including aerospace components, energy systems, and rotary machinery parts.

• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2019

Cracked component analysis is needed for structural integrity analysis under seismic loading. Under large amplitude cyclic loading conditions, the change in material properties can be complex, depending on the magnitude of plastic strain. Therefore the cracked component analysis under cyclic loading should consider appropriate cyclic hardening model. This study introduces a procedure for determining an appropriate cyclic hardening model for cracked component analysis. The test material was nuclear-grade TP316 stainless steel. The material cyclic hardening was simulated using the Chaboche combined hardening model. The kinematic hardening model was determined from standard tensile test to cover the high and wide strain range. The isotropic hardening model was determined by simulating C(T) test under cyclic loading using ABAQUS debonding analysis. The suitability of the material hardening model was verified by comparing load-displacement curves of cyclic C(T) tests under different load ratios.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.261-277
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• 2013

The degradation of alachlor has been investigated using sonolysis (US), photocatalysis (UV) and sonophotocatalysis (US/UV) using three photocatalyst viz. $TiO_2$ (mixture of anatase and rutile), $TiO_2$ (anatase) and ZnO. The effect of photocatalyst loading on the extent of degradation of alachlor has been investigated by varying $TiO_2$ (both types) loading over the range of 0.01 g/L to 0.1 g/L and ZnO loading over the range of 0.05 g/L to 0.3 g/L. The optimum loading of the catalyst was found to be dependent on the type of operation i.e., photocatalysis alone or the combined operation of sonolysis and photocatalysis. All the combined processes gave complete degradation of alachlor with maximum rate of degradation being obtained in the case of sonophotocatalytic process also showing synergistic effect at optimized loading of photocatalyst. About 50% to 60% reduction in TOC has been obtained using the combined process of sonophotocatalysis depending on the operating conditions. The alachlor degradation fitted first order kinetics for all the processes under investigation. It has been observed that the $TiO_2$ (mixtrure of anatase and rutile) is the most active photocatalyst among the three photocatalysts studied in the current work. The effect of addition of radical enhancers and scavengers on sonophotocatalytic degradation of alachlor has been investigated in order to decipher the controlling mechanism. The alachlor degradation products have been identified using LC-MS method.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2023

This study aims to assess the seismic performance of retrofitted reinforced concrete columns using a Replaceable Steel Brace (RSB) system, subjected to combined axial, lateral, and torsional loadings. Through experimental testing, one non-retrofitted concrete column specimen and two retrofitted specimens with variable sliding slot lengths were subjected to eccentric lateral loads to simulate realistic seismic loading. The retrofitted specimens with RSBs exhibited enhanced resistance against shear cracking, effective torsional resistance, and demonstrated the feasibility of easy replacement. The RSB system substantially improved seismic performance, achieving approximately 1.7 times higher load capacity and 3.5 times greater energy dissipation compared to non-retrofitted column, thus validating its efficacy under combined loading conditions.