• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.231-238
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of changes in body composition due to combined exercise on balance of the 20' obese women. Based on voluntary participation, 21 obese women in twenties were randomly divided into : Control(no exercise, n=7), Group I (aerobic exercise 50 minutes, n=7), Group 2 (combined exercise 50 minutes, n=7). All groups conducted allocated program five times a week for six weeks. At post and pre-experiment and at the time of each measurement, changes of body composition and balance among the three groups were statistically analyed using SPSS 18.0 ver. Compared to pre-experiment, Group I, II showed decrease of weight and body fat rate, but Group II showed both increase of muscle mass and decrease of body mass index(p<0.05). In balance ability, Group II showed improvement of static and dynamic balance, meanwhile Group I showed only improvement of static balance. Therefore, this research showed that combined exercise had positive effects on balance by increasing muscle mass and changing body composition.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.683-694
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low intensity combined kinesitherapy on type 2 diabetes mellitus and to compare the effects of exercise and methodology aspects, the difference in the post - test scores between fasting glucose and blood lipids in the control group (exercise group) and the control group (exercise group) that prescribed the dance - exercise and low intensity combined exercise for the elderly diabetic patients for 12 weeks sample t-test. the main results of the study are summarized as follows. first, fasting blood sugar showed difference in pre - post - difference of group compared to control group. second, the total cholesterol was found to have a statistically significant difference in the experimental group from pre - post - difference. third, the neutral region showed no statistically significant differences in both experimental and comparator groupsfrom pre - post - difference. fourth, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels showed no statistically significant difference in both experimental and comparator groups from pre - post - difference. fifth, low density lipoprotein cholesterol showed statistically significant difference in the experimental group from pre - post - difference group. in conclusion, this study is significant in that the combined effects of dance - motion activities and low intensity combined exercise for elderly with type 2 diabetes were quantitatively proved by using physiological index who had not been treated previously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1632-1638
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• 2012

The effects of combined treatment of aqueous $ClO_2$ and UV-C or electron beam irradiation on microbial growth and quality in chicon during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ were investigated. Samples were treated separately with 50 ppm of $ClO_2$, 5 kJ/$m^2$ of UV-C, 2, 5, 7, and 10 kGy of electron beam irradiation, as well as a combination of $ClO_2$ and UV-C or 2 kGy of electron beam irradiation. The populations of total aerobic bacteria as well as yeast and molds in the chicon samples were determined following each treatment. The populations of total aerobic bacteria in the chicon samples decreased by 1.49~2.92 log CFU/g following combined treatment of $ClO_2$ and UV-C irradiation compared to the control, whereas the populations of yeast and molds decreased by 1.63~1.78 log CFU/g. On the contrary, following combined treatment of $ClO_2$ and electron beam irradiation, the populations of total aerobic bacteria as well as yeast and molds in the chicon samples were undetectable during storage. Color measurements indicated that Hunter $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ values were not significantly different among the treatments during storage. These results suggest that combined treatment of $ClO_2$ and electron beam irradiation can be useful for improving microbiological safety in chicon during storage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1231-1236
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• 2012

Exercise leads to the release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain that alleviate pain, both physical and mental. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of combined exercise on body composition, blood lipids, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in overweight and obese adolescents. The subjects of this study were 18 boys who were divided into a combined exercise group (EG: n=9) and a control group (CG: n=9). The combined exercise program required exercise 50-60 minutes per day, three times a week, for 12 weeks. The results of the comparative analysis are as follows: The between-group comparison of the difference in the means before and after the intervention revealed a significant decrease in the EG compared with the CG: weight (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.05), %fat (p<0.05), fat mass (p<0.01). The %LBM of the EG showed a more significant increase (p<0.05) compared with the CG. The TC, LDL-C, and BDNF were not different between the EG and the CG. However, the TC and the LDL-C were decreased more in the EG than in the CG. The BDNF was increased more in the EG than in the CG. In conclusion, the combined exercise improved body composition but did not affect serum lipids or the BDNF.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.787-796
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to closely examine the changes in their metabolic syndrome index and autonomic nerve systems after the 16-weeks's combined exercise program is carried out on low-level physical strength group (PAPS 4-5 level students). They were divided into two groups; exercise training group (15) and control group (15). This program consisted of five-times-a-week's warm-ups, main activities and warm-downs and it takes 50 minutes per trial. Through SPSS 19.0, all averages and standard deviations of dependent variables were calculated. We first performed Shapiro-Wilk's normality test of the variables. Before verifying the effect of combined exercise program, we tested the equality of means of the variables between combined-exercise-programmed-group and control group through a two-sample t-test and carried out a paired t-test to check if the changes in the variables of two groups before and after 16 weeks are statistically significant. Every statistical test is performed at a significance level of ${\alpha}$=.05. The results are as follows. When it came to metabolic syndrome index, there were statistically meaningful changes in waist measurement, triglyceride, glucose with empty stomach and HDL-C. Also, when it came to autonomic nerve system, there were meaningful changes in all variables. Consequently, it seems that the 16-weeks combined exercise program has positive effects on low level physical strength students.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.371-378
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• 2021

This study examined the effects of combined exercise training for preventing falls on the physical performance, falling index, and balance in elderly women. All subjects (N = 32) were recruited and divided randomly to either a combined exercise group (n= 16, EX) or non-exercise control group (n = 16, CON). During 12 weeks of training, the subjects in the EX performed the combined exercise programs (three times/week, 60min/session), and the subjects in the CON maintained their ordinary lives. At the PRE, MID, POST tests, All subjects completed senior fitness tests(dynamic balance, two minutes walking, sit and stand for 30 seconds), tests for falling risk with Tetrax, and tests for posture balance with the spine balance 3D. After the baseline tests, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with contrast testing was used with SPSS 21.0. Alpha was set to 0.05. In the results, the dynamin balance (p=.001), two minutes walking (p=.001), sit and stand for 30 seconds (p=.001), falling risk (p=.002), and posture balance (p=.034) in the EX were significantly different, but not in the CON. Thus, elderly females who performed combined exercise training for 12 weeks can increase their physical fitness & posture stability and reduce their falling risk.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.65-78
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• 2011

Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants, and a phytotoxic anthropogenic air pollutant. In North America and Europe, the current concentration of $O_3$ has been shown to have significant adverse effects on vegetation. In this review, we summarize the experimental studies on the effects of $O_3$ on the growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species to understand the present knowledge and provide sound basis for future research toward the assessment of $O_3$ impacts on Japanese forest ecosystem. Since the 1990s, several Japanese researchers have conducted the experimental studies on the effects of ambient levels of $O_3$ on growth and physiological functions such as net photosynthesis of Japanese forest tree species. Although the sensitivity to $O_3$ of whole-plant growth is quite different among the species, it was suggested that the current ambient levels of $O_3$ in Japan are high enough to adversely affect growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species classified into high $O_3$ sensitivity group such as Japanese beech. The N load to soil has been shown to reduce the sensitivity to $O_3$ of Japanese larch and increase that of Japanese beech. To establish the critical level of $O_3$ for protecting Japanese forest tree species, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the N deposition from the atmosphere. There is little information on the combined effects of $O_3$ and other environmental factors such as elevated $CO_2$ and drought on growth and physiological functions of Japanese forest tree species. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the experimental study and accumulate the information on the combined effects of $O_3$ and any other abiotic environmental factors on Japanese forest tree species.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2024

To ensure the flutter stability of three-tower suspension bridges under skew wind, by using the computational procedure of 3D refined flutter analysis of long-span bridges under skew wind, in which structural nonlinearity, the static wind action(also known as the aerostatic effect) and the full-mode coupling effect etc., are fully considered, the flutter stability of a three-tower suspension bridge-the Taizhou Bridge over the Yangtze River in completion and during the deck erection is numerically investigated under the constant uniform skew wind, and the influences of skew wind and aerostatic effects on the flutter stability of the bridge under the service and construction conditions are assessed. The results show that the flutter critical wind speeds of three-tower suspension bridge under service and construction conditions fluctuate with the increase of wind yaw angle instead of a monotonous cosine rule as the decomposition method proposed, and reach the minimum mostly in the case of skew wind. Both the skew wind and aerostatic effects significantly reduce the flutter stability of three-tower suspension bridge under the service and construction conditions, and the combined skew wind and aerostatic effects further deteriorate the flutter stability. Both the skew wind and aerostatic effects do not change the evolution of flutter stability of the bridge during the deck erection, and compared to the service condition, they lead to a greater decrease of flutter critical wind speed of the bridge during deck erection, and the influence of the combined skew wind and aerostatic effects is more prominent. Therefore, the skew wind and aerostatic effects must be considered accurately in the flutter analysis of three-tower suspension bridges.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigate the vairous change in the toxicity of cadmium by the simultaneous administration of selenium and zinc, which have been reported to change -the toxicity of cadmium through the interaction with cadmium, to rat. For the experiment, 42 rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. The experimental groups were divided into 6 groups: a control group, a cadmium (100ppm) alone treatment group, a cadmium (100ppm) and zinc (100ppm) combined treatment group, and three cadmium (100ppm), zinc (100ppm) and selenium (1, 4, and 8ppm) combined treatment groups. The rats were allocated seven to each group and observed for seven weeks. The results of experiment are as follows: 1. The food consumptions of each group were reduced, compared with a control group, especially, in a cadmium and zinc combined treatment group and a cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium(1ppm) combined treatment group to the significant level compared with a control group (p < 0.05). The water consumptions of each group were reduced to the very significant level compared with a control group (p < 0.01). The feed efficiencies of each group were lower than a control group, and among them the highest group was cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (8ppm) combined treatment group as 90% of a control group. 2. In all groups, the weight gains were highest in the second week and the total weight gains were reduced to the very significant level compared with a control group (p < 0.01). 3. In all groups, the relative weights of liver were reduced, compared with a control group, especially, a cadmium alone treatment group was reduced to the significant level (p < 0.05). The relative weight of kidney was high to the significant level in a cadmium alone treatment group (p < 0.05) compared with a control group. In all groups, the relative weights of testis were reduced, compared with a control group, but the levels were not significant. 4. The accumulation of cadmium was highest in the kidney and the order of height was in liver, testis and blood, respectively. In all groups, the amount of cadmium accumulation was high to the very significant level compared with a control group (p < 0.01). In liver, the amount of acdmium accumulation in. a cadmium alone treatment group was high to the significant level compared with a cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (8ppm) combined treatment group (p < 0.05), and in kidney, the amount of cadmium accumulation in a cadmium alone tretment group was high to the very significant level compared with the cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (4, 8ppm) combined treatment groups (p < 0.01). However, in testis, among the treatment groups the level was not significant and in blood, a cadmium alone treatment group was low to the significant level compared with the cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (4, 8ppm) combined treatment groups (p < 0.05). 5. According to the histopathological finding on the testis, some of the seminiferous tubules of a group treated with cadmium alone showed severe necrosis and atrophy. But the testis of cadmium $\cdot$ zinc and selenium (8ppm) combined treatment group was similar to that of a control group. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the repeated simultaneous oral administration of large doses of selenium with the cadmium produces the partial amelioration of cadmium toxicity, whereas zinc does not.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.17
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• pp.1-24
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to figure out the effects of advertisements (functional value, sentimental value, self-expressing value) depending on the gender in regard of the attitude towards the advertisement, brand attitude, purchase intention, and the characteristic and quality of the product. From the study on the university students, there was a meaningful interaction among the independent variables in regard of attitude towards advertisement, brand attitude, purchase intention, and characteristic of the product in the four dependent measurements used for the index of advertisement effects. In terms of the attitude towards advertisements, brand attitude, purchase intention, and the characteristic of the product according to the gender and value suggestion, functional convenience was more influential for men compared to the sentimental convenience and self-expressing value. On the other hand, self-expressing value was more influential for women in terms of the advertisement effect and the characteristic of the product. The main effects depending on the gender were common in four dependent values such as attitude towards advertisement, brand attitude, purchase intention and characteristic of the product, and the average of all values was higher from women. Thereby, it can be said that women show more positive advertisement effects in terms of attitude and purchase than men. The main effects on the value suggestion were meaningfully indicated in advertisement attitude, brand attitude, and characteristic of the product except the purchase intention. Also, the functional and self-expressing value made better advertisement effect, while the sentimental value showed a comparatively lower advertisement effect. In terms of the sentimental value, a comparatively low advertisement effect was shown statistically compared to the functional and self-expressing value in all dependent values, but there was no big difference depending on the gender. That is, in terms of the sentimental value, a separate value suggesting advertisement can be more influential when it is combined with the functional value for men, and for women if it is combined with self-expressing value.