• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2000

The effects of combined irradiation of neutrons and ${\gamma}$-rays were analysed by means of Tradescantia stamen hair (TSH) assay. Potted plants were irradiated with $0{\sim}2$ Gy of ${\gamma}$-rays. For the combined treatments, the plants were irradiated with neutrons from $^{252}Cf$ 24 hours before or after ${\gamma}$-irradiation. The slopes of dose-response curves were 5.98, 6.17 and 7.48, in ${\gamma}$-rays, ${\gamma}$-rays+neutrons, and neutrons+${\gamma}$ -rays irradiated groups, respectively. The biological efficacy of radiations in the induction of pink mutations increased by 25% in neutrons+${\gamma}$-rays irradiated group, while it increased by 12% in ${\gamma}$-rays+neutrons irradiated group. The combined irradiation with two kinds of radiations results in the different efficacy of radiation depending on the order of irradiations, which is of great importance in the related fields such as sterilization and radiotherapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2359-2362
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• 2014

Background: To investigate the effects of double radiofrequency hyperthermia on Th1/Th2 cells in esophageal cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: 22 patients with esophageal cancer were divided into a radiotherapy group (10 cases) and a combined group (double radiofrequency hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy group, 12 cases). Both groups received conventional radiotherapy using a cobalt-60 therapy apparatus (TD60-66Gy/30-33F). Patients in the combined group also underwent double radiofrequency hyperthermia (2F/W, 8-10F). Before and after treatment, Th1, Th2, Tc1 and Tc2 cells in peripheral blood were determined with flow cytometry. Results: In the radiotherapy group, Th1 cell contents before and after radiotherapy were $17.5{\pm}5.26%$ and $9.69{\pm}4.86%$, respectively, with a significant difference (p<0.01). The Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly decreased from $28.2{\pm}14.3$ to $16.5{\pm}10.4 $(p<0.01). In the combined group, Th1 cell content before radiotherapy was $15.9{\pm}8.18%$, and it increased to $18.6{\pm}8.84$ after radiotherapy (p>0.05), the Th1/Th2 ratio decreasing from $38.4{\pm}36.3$ to $28.1{\pm}24.0$ (p>0.05). Changes in Th2, Tc1 and Tc2 cell levels were not significant in the two groups before and after therapy (p>0.05). Conclusions: Double radiofrequency hyperthermia can promote the conversion from Th2 to Th1 cells, and regulate the balance of Th1/Th2 cells.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.205-212
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• 2007

Objectives : Combined treatment (CT) of oriental herbal medicine and prescribed drugs is now being increasingly used among cancer patients around the world. However, in Korea, clinical information on the frequency, efficacy and safety of CT among cancer patients has not yet been thoroughly reported. This study aimed to identify the status and adverse effects of CT for the management of cancer patients. Methods : A questionnaire and medical record survey by oriental medical doctors or physicians were performed at two oriental medical hospitals and one general hospital. Of the initial 400 in-patients, 368 participated in this survey, representing a response rate of 92.0%. Results : Among cancer patients in oriental medical hospitals, the proportion of CT was 45.9%. In contrast, the proportion of CT in the general hospital was only 0.6%. The proportion of CT among breast cancer patients (20) and gastric cancer patients (35) were 85.0% and 51.4%, respectively. The proportion of CT among cancer patients was high in younger, female or married patients groups. 10 respondents (11.1%) among 90 cancer patients experienced several adverse effects including nausea, fatigue, etc. Conclusions : This study suggests that many more patients in oriental medical hospitals than general hospitals use combined treatment of oriental herbal medicine and prescribed drugs for management of cancer. Therefore, medical professionals should provide comprehensive and up-to-date clinical information about potential benefits and risks of CT to cancer patients in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 2018

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of joint mobilization intervention combined with exercise on range of motion (ROM), pain intensity, and functional performance in adolescent baseball players with internal impingement syndrome of the shoulder. METHODS: The subjects were 30 adolescent baseball players diagnosed with internal impingement. Ten subjects were randomly assigned to each of 3 groups: Group 1 (exercise only), Group 2 (joint mobilization combined with exercise), and Group 3 (rest-only control group). Three weekly interventions were given for 4 weeks (the control group rested for 4 weeks). The main outcome measures were goniometer, visual analogue scale (VAS), and Korean Kerlan Jobe shoulder-elbow (K-KJOC) scores. The ROM (external and internal rotation), pain intensity (at the moment of throwing), and functional performance were compared among the groups. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed among the groups in the range of external rotation of the shoulder before and after the intervention, but the range of internal rotation was significantly increased in Group 2 compared to Groups 1 and 3. Pain intensity was significantly lower in Group 2 than in Group 1 and 3, and functional performance was significantly increased in Group 2 compared to Group 1 and 3. CONCLUSION: An intervention that combined joint mobilization with exercise was more effective than resting or exercise alone for rapid recovery from sports injury and improvement in athletic performance.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate developmental and estrogenic activity of bisphenol A (BPA) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) to the second generation of Sprague-Dawley rats ingested during gestational or lactational periods. Rats were given BPA 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BBP 100mg/kg of pregnancy or lactation periods. Maternal body weight and neonatal body weight were recorded. The rats were sacrificed on day 21 after birth. Reproductive organs of dam and neonate were utilized for receptor binding assay. The plasma concentrations of BPA and MBep, one of the major metabolites of BBP were analyzed with HPLC. The co-administration of BPA and BBP induced slow weight gain compared with single administration in dams. Also, such mixture induced low neonatal body weights in next generation. The dams treated with BPA and BBP during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver and spleen. The dams exposed during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes not only in liver and spleen but also in kidney, uterus and ovary. The F1 female rats exposed during lactation periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver, spleen, ovary. The F1 male rats showed significant organ weight changes in liver, kidney, epididymis, vesicular glands, prostate. However, no clear synergistic effects of BPA and BBP were noted. There was no significantly different ER$\alpha$ expression pattern between control and treated groups. However, ER$\alpha$ expression were increased in F1 male testis and female uterus. PI male showed distinct ER$\alpha$ expression, especially in the group of lactational combined exposure. Synergistic ER$\alpha$ expression was found by combined treatment of BPA and BBP. We could not find any evidences of synergistic effects on BPA and/or BBP combined administration on dams and their fetuses, except in ER$\alpha$ expression of F1 male.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.119-126
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of Korean medical treatments combined with acupotomy on patients diagnosed with a herniated intervertebral disc of the lumbar spine. Methods : We reviewed the medical records of twenty in patients diagnosed with a herniated intervertebral disc of the lumbar spine. They had received Korean medical treatment combined with acupotomy on tender points in the gluteus minimus muscle and piriformis muscle at Gwangju Korean Medicine Hospital of Dong-Shin University from April, 2014 to December, 2014. To evaluate the efficacy of the treatments, the twenty in patients were asked to complete the Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) and the Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) before acupotomy, the first day after acupotomy, the third day after acupotomy, and the fifth day after acupotomy. Results : 1. NRS significantly decreased from $6.15{\pm}1.27$ to $3.90{\pm}1.45$. 2. ODI significantly decreased from $23.64{\pm}8.76$ to $15.95{\pm}7.35$. Conclusions : Korean medical treatment combined with acupotomy on tender points in the gluteus minimus muscle and piriformis muscle might be effective in reducing pain and improving the life quality of patients with a herniated intervertebral disc of the lumbar spine. We hope that further studies will be done to produce more clinical data and ensure effective application of these results.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.460-468
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• 2016

To study the control of postharvest decay caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium expansum, gamma irradiation alone or in combination with fumigation was evaluated to extend the shelf life of apples in South Korea. An irradiation dose of 2.0 kGy resulted in the maximum inhibition of C. gloeosporioides and P. expansum spore germination. The gamma irradiation dose required to reduce the spore germination by 90% was 0.22 and 0.35 kGy for C. gloeosporioides and P. expansum, respectively. Microscopic observations revealed that when the fungal spores were treated with gamma irradiation (4.0 kGy), conidial germination was stopped completely resulting in no germ tube formation in C. gloeosporioides. Treatment with the eco-friendly fumigant ethanedinitrile had a greater antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides and P. expansum in comparison with the non-treated control under in vitro conditions. The in vitro antifungal effects of the gamma irradiation and fumigation treatments allowed us to further study the effects of the combined treatments to control postharvest decay on stored apples. Interestingly, when apples were treated with gamma irradiation in combined with fumigation, disease inhibition increased more at lower (< 0.4 kGy) than at higher doses of irradiation, suggesting that combined treatments reduced the necessary irradiation dose in phytosanitary irradiation processing under storage conditions.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1983

In order to study the effects of iron and zinc on the lead poisoning of rats, lead with iron and zinc, or lead alone were administered orally to a total of 98 adult rats of Sprague-Dawley Species. The concentrations of lead, zinc, and iron were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer at every 20 days intervals of 20th, 40th, 60th, 80th and 120th day as a final measurement. Those datas were analysed and compared with those of control groups. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The concentration of lead in blood, bone. and liver tissues kept increasing in case of lead exposure group whereas it started decreasing at 60-80th day when concentration of zinc started increasing in case of combined exposure group. However, in kidney tissue, the concentration of lead in combined exposure group kept increasing up to the end of observation showing special high concentration at the final measurement at 120th day. 2. Concentration of zinc in blood and liver tissues had increased from 60-80th day in case of combined exposure group. 3. Concentration of iron in blood showed decreasing from $44.15{\pm}9.67\;to\;32.44{\pm}2.69{\mu}g/ml$ in case of lead exposure group, whereas it showed constant level of $47.50{\sim}45.65{\mu}g/ml$. However, in liver tissue it kept constant as control did from 40th to 60th days, but from 100th day on it started increasing to show much higher concentration than control.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.656-668
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and examine the effects of combined exercise program for older adults with sarcopenia based on transtheoretical model (TTM). Methods: A non-equivalent control group with a pretest-posttest design was used. The subjects consisted of 43 older adults with sarcopenia in precontemplation stage, contemplation stage and preparation stage of TTM (experimental group: 22, control group: 21). The developed program consisted of 36 sessions for 12 weeks including combined exercise (60 minutes) and TTM based strategies for enhancing exercise behavior (10 minutes) per session. Data were collected before, immediately after the program between July 31 to October 27, 2017. The data were analyzed using independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test with SPSS/WIN 18.0. Results: Compared with their counterparts in the control groups, older adults with sarcopenia in the experimental group showed a significantly greater improvement in process of exercise behavior change, pros and cons of decisional balance for exercise behavior, exercise self-efficacy, parameters of muscle, and the level of physical performance. Conclusion: The study findings indicate that this combined exercise program for older adults with sarcopenia based on TTM model was effective and can be recommended as a nursing intervention for older adults with sarcopenia.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2022

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of noninvasive electrical stimulation combined with trunk stabilization exercise on balance and fall risk in patients with stroke. Methods: Twenty-two patients with stroke were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into experimental and control groups, each with 11 patients. noninvasive electrical stimulation combined with trunk stabilization training was applied to the experimental group, and sham noninvasive electrical stimulation combined with trunk stabilization training, to the control group. Both groups were treated for 6 weeks, five times a week for 30 min each time; the balance and fall risk of patients with stroke were measured before and after treatment, and the changes in the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results: The experimental group's left and right weight-bearing indices (affect and non-affect sides) and the front and rear weight-bearing indices, were significantly improved (p<.05, p<.001). when the changes in balance ability between groups were compared before and after treatment. The total fall efficacy score in the experimental group was substantially lower than that in the control group when the changes in fall efficacy score were compared between groups following treatment (p<.001). Conclusion: The improvement in balance and fall risk in patients with stroke can be attributed to using noninvasive electrical stimulation in combination with trunk stabilization training. This clinically helpful treatment method for patients with stroke warrants further promotion and implementation in the clinic.