• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.803-811
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• 2003

This study compared the physicochemical characteristics of yellow pigments in domestic and imported yellow croakers during distribution and storage. The croaker is generally adulterated by mixed color product of red and yellow pigment. This study found that the yellow pigment was stable during pH and temperature changes, but the red pigment was less stable than the yellow pigment. As for the light effect on the yellow pigment and the red pigment, there was no change in the remaining rate of the pigment stored in a dark place. The moisture content decreased according to the storage period, and the width of changes was large in the order of croaker stored at $5^{\circ}C$, croaker stored at $15^{\circ}C$ and dried croakers. The yellowness value of the abdomen of the adulterated white croaker did not show any large difference at the initial stage and for a storage period of 10 days at $5^{\circ}C$. However, the yellow croakers showed a decreasing trend according to the storage period at $15^{\circ}C$. The croaker can be generally adulterated by a mixed color of red and yellow pigment. For the texture change in accordance with the storage condition of the croakers, both the yellow and white croakers showed a gradually increasing trend of hardness when stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.169-175
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• 2014

Digital ink-jet printing system has many advantages such as fast and fine printing of various images, high efficiency and low cost process. Generally digital ink-jet printing requires ceramic pigments of cyan, magenta, yellow and black with thermal and glaze stability above $1000^{\circ}C$ for the application of porcelain product design. In this study, pink-red colored $CaO-SnO_2-Cr_2O_3-SiO_2$ pigment was synthesized using solid state reaction. The synthesis conditions of $Ca(Cr,Sn)SiO_5$ pigment such as annealing temperature, amount of mineralizer and non-stoichiometric composition were optimized. Crystal structure and morphology of the obtained $Ca(Cr,Sn)SiO_5$ pigment were analyzed using XRD, SEM, PSA, FT-IR and effect of Cr substitution on the pigment color was analyzed using Uv-vis. spectrophotometer and CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ measurement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.16 no.3 s.43
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• pp.197-207
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• 1992

Expressionism, is as diverse as the artists invo)ved, in a very broad sense two main tendencies may be noted. The first is that of the Action painters, concerned in different ways with the gesture of the brush and the texture of the paint. It included such major artists as Arshile Gorky, Jackson Pollock, Willem De Keening, and Franz Kline. The other group consisted of the Color Field painters, concerned with the statement of an abstract sign or tranquil image in terms of a large, unified color shape or area. Here must be included Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Ad Rdinhardt, as well as, to a degree, Adolph Gottlieb, Robert Motherwell, and Clyf(ord Still. In this paper, 1 selected two artists Arshile Gorky and Jackson Pollock independent charac-teristics and studied the influence of their Action painting on the fabrics of modern fashion. However, it should be noted it was never the intention of the critic Harold Rosenberg, in coining this term, to imply that Action painting was a kind of athletic exercise. Nor is it true that the furious and seemingly haphazard scattering of the paint involved a completely uncontrolled, intuitive act. There is no question that, in the paintings of Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky and many of the other Abstract Expressionists, the element of intuition or the accidental plays a large and deliberate part; this was indeed one of the principal contributions of Abstract Expressionism which had found its own inspiration in surrealism's 'psychic automaton'. However, nothing that an experienced and accomplished artist does can be completely accidental. Aside from their intrinsic quality, the spun-out skeins of poured pigments contributed other elements that changed the course of modern painting. There was the concept of the all-over painting, the painting seemingly without beginning or end, extending to the very limits of the canvas and implying an extension even beyond. The feeling of absorption or participation is heightened by the ambiguity of the picture space. The colors and lines, although never punctur-ing deep perspective holes in the surface, still create an illusion of continuous movement, a billowing, a surging back and forth, within a limited depth. To study the influence of Abstract Expressionism on the fabric of modern fashion, 1 selected and examined four fashion magazines: Collezioni published in France, Bazaar in Italy, Gap in Japan and Vogue in the U.S.a. froim January 1989 to June 1991. As a result of this review I found that some fabrics used in modern clothing are printed in a dripping, pouring and splashing style without any meaning or form. Slides included in the presentation show that modern fabrics which are printed in such a style were influenced by Abstract Expressionism. The slides also show that these abstract prints are well suited to modern fashion design.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.195-199
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• 2011

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M.) is one of the most important crops to the fresh vegetable market and the food processing industry. To evaluate genetic variation in tomato fruits, major characteristics such as soluble solids, acidity and carotenoid contents were analyzed for 771 genetic resource lines. Lines in red color was about 85% which is the largest one followed by peach color, yellow, green, orange, and black. The sweetness of juice ranged from 2.2 to 11.5% (in brix), the average being 5.6%. The acidity ranged from 0.124% to 1.665%, and the average was 0.881%. The lycopine contents was up to 80.4 ${\mu}g/g$, and 43.4 ${\mu}g/g$ in average. ${\beta}$-carotine ranged 1.8 to 48.8 ${\mu}g/g$ and it average was 10.8 ${\mu}g/g$. Statistical analysis indicates that there is coefficient of correlation between acidity and sweetness, acidity and pH, pH and lycopine, lycopine and ${\beta}$-carotine. It is expected that the result of this study can be used for breeding more competitive species with respect to contents in sugar or functional chemicals from the selected characteristic species.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2007

Shelf-life and quality changes of four leaf lettuce cultivars packaged and stored at four different temperatures (0, 8, 16 and $24^{\circ}C$) were evaluated. Leaf lettuces were packaged in non-perforated polypropylene film (thickness 0.05 mm) bags. Weight loss, respiration rate, freshness degree, pigment content, and surface color were determined. At the storage temperature of $0^{\circ}C$, the weight loss, degree of freshness, pigment content, and change of surface color on packaged leaf lettuces showed no significant difference when compared with all other leaf lettuces. Meanwhile, an increase in storage temperature was observed with the quality changes of each flesh leaf lettuce. The leaf lettuces under storage conditions at $24^{\circ}C$ showed a difference in weight loss of the different types of leaf lettuces during a short storage period. However, there was no clear tendency in weight loss in different types of leaf lettuces as compared with each storage temperature. The rate of respiration and the contents of pigments in the four types of leaf lettuces also showed significant difference as the storage temperature increased.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.186-191
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Carotenoids which are a major source of vitamin A are contributed to have great potential role in anti-carcinogenic effects and eyesight. Carotenoids which can not synthesize in human body are required for food supply. The objectives of this study are to investigate compositions and contents of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) germplasms based on their pulp color. METHODS AND RESULTS: Carotenoids were extracted with 0.2% ascorbic acid in ethanol and saponified with 80% potassium hydroxide. Insoluble compounds were extracted into hexane. A total of nine carotenoids (three xanthophylls and six carotenes) were identified from pumpkin germplasms using HPLC equipped with photodiode array detector (450 nm). Especially, lutein and ${\beta}$-carotenes were major compound in germplasms. Among isomers of ${\beta}$-carotene, all-trans-${\beta}$-carotene (16-27% of total carotenoids) was predominant compositions. The mean of total carotenoid contents was showed as brown (286.1 mg/100 g dw) > dark green (217.0) > orange (153.4) > primrose (85.8) > dark yellow (80.3). On the basis of carotenoid information, PLS-DA score plots showed different patterns by cluster in pumpkin germplasms. It was considered that these differences of phenotype were relative closely to genotype. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that dark color of pumpkin pulp was presented in high-level of biological pigments. It may contribute to develop potentially beneficial functional food ingredients.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.365-368
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum mashing and maturing conditions for Korean traditional Kanjang(soy sauce) production and to reduce the fermentation period. The effects of maturing time of soy sauce mash, maturing temperature, salt concentration and the ratio of Meju to salt brine on the quality of Kaniang(total nitrogen, pH and color) were examined. Soy sauce pigments and about 90% of N constituents contained in soybean Meju(Koji) in soy sauce mash were degraded and solubilized into liquid portion (soy sauce) of the mash within five days of maturing at $30^{\circ}C$ with the mashing ratio(weight/volume) of 1 : 4 of soybean(as raw soybean) to 20% salt brine. No remarkable effects of soy sauce maturing temperature in the range of $5^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}$ on the digestion and solubilization of N components and pigment extraction during five days of soy sauce mash maturing were observed. Optimum mashing salt brine concentration for the digestion and solubilization of N components and pigment extraction during soy sauce maturing at $30^{\circ}C$ were observed to be in the range of $15{\sim}20%$. The suitable mashing ratio of Meju to salt brine (wt./vol.) to match N content of the standards of identity of Korean traditional Kanjang(soy sauce) was found to be below 1 : 5.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.14
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• pp.37-60
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• 2013

Conservation and analysis of wall painting Goguryeo was performed to classify the unknown fragments. The conservation naked eye observation, optical microscopy, and infrared examination were carried out in order to figure out the structure, quality of constituting materials, and damages such as cracks, and discolored fragments of colored areas. Based on such investigation, conservation was proceeded. and it was completed with strengthening the weakened pigment layer of wall blocks. In addition tombs where the wall painting fragments were excavated were investigated by making comparison with gelatin dry plates and copies possessed by National Museum of Korea. According to the result, they were Kaemachong, Gosan-ri Tomb No.1 Gamsinchong, and Wonbong-ri Tomb. The components of colors with which Goguryeo wall painting fragments were painted and the mineral pigments of the wall layer were analyzed. Portable µ-XRF spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer were employed. It showed that lime (CaCO₃) used for the wall layer, and the brown color is hematite(Fe₂O₃) and cerusite (PbCO₃) and lead oxide(PbO) were identified. In the red color, cinnabar (HgS) were detected.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.306-311
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• 2000

Lipid and cholesterol were extracted from beef and pork by the supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_2)$ for the manufacturing of low-lipid and low-cholesterol sausage. The ranges of extraction temperature and pressure were from 35 to $55^{\circ}C$ and from 103 to 375 bar, respectively. $SC-CO_2$ extraction yield of beef lipid increased as extraction pressure increased and/or extraction temperature decreased, while extraction temperature was more influential on the cholesterol extraction than pressure condition. When lipid and cholesterol of freeze-dried beef with varied moisture contents were extracted, their solubilities increased as the moisture content reduced. The extraction of lipid and cholesterol from pork was shown the same tendency as the beef. The chunk type of beef shape was more suitable for the lipid and cholesterol extraction than the powder type of beef. The color of meat after $SC-CO_2$ extraction was lighter than the raw freeze dried meat because of the extraction of color pigments. After $SC-CO_2$ extraction, beef and pork were rehydrated and mixed with raw beef and pork containing lipid and cholesterol. Their mixing ratio up to 50 : 50 did not affect physical properties of the sausage compared with the control sausage.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.485-497
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• 2019

The Jade Investiture Books in Joseon Dynasty shows diverse facies with various petrographic characteristics to green and white based on color. In lithologically, the green rocks are jade composed of calcite and serpentine, and the white ones are marbles consisting mainly in crystalline calcite. As a result of X-ray diffraction of jade rocks, the more green in color, the more increased intensity of serpentine appears. Therefore, the grade of jade is correlated with contents of serpentine. The Jade Investiture Books owned by the National Palace Museum of Korea are subdivided with 104 (41.3%) books made by only jade rocks, 98 (38.9%) books made by only marbles, and 50 (19.8%) books mixed with jade rocks and marbles. Among the mixed ones, 47 (18.6%) books consisted mainly of the marbles. This result shows the superior marble books occupy more than half of the total books. The Jade Investiture Books made in early Joseon Dynasty are composed of high grade jade. However, the grade of jade had decreased as the kings changed in process of time, and the composition of marble had increased in reverse proportion of jade. The quality of letter pigments, metal accessories and fabrics also had decreased with jade. These trends are reflected in the aspect of society such as weakening royal authority, national power and finance with the course of time. The jade of the books has different mineralogical characteristics from some modern jade produced in Chuncheon nephrite and Buyeo precious serpentine in Korea. Meanwhile, there is ancient literature that described quarries from Namyang in Hwaseong of Gyeonggi province. This area has a wide distribution of gneiss, limestone and limesilicate rocks are interbedded between muscovite schist. The limesilicate rocks contain diopside, which produced serpentine through alteration. It has possibility to make the Jade Investiture Books using these small amounts of jade through mining activity.