• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.251-257
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• 2003

Background and Purpose : We were to investigate whether simple and electric acupuncture can affect the colonic transit time in both normal persons and chronic constipation patients. Methods: Twenty one volunteers were divided into two groups; first, normal control group(N=12) who had normal defecation habits, second, chronic constipation group(N=13). Before acupuncture, colonic transit time was checked using radio-opaque markers. Then simple acupuncture was done at four acupoints(both ST36, LI4) and maintained for 15 minutes during 4 days. Electric acupuncture was done using same methods except for applying 2Hz electrical stimulation. Result : In the normal group, after simple acupuncture, each transit time in the total, right, left was not changed statistic significance compared to pre-acupuncture(P>0.05), but which of rectosigmoid colon shortened statistic significance(P<0.05). After Electric acupuncture, transit time of right colon was shortened(P<0.05), and extended(P>0.05) in rectosigmoid colon compared to pre-acupuncture and simple acupuncture. In constipation group, after simple acupuncture, only rectosigmoid colonic transit time shortened statistic significance compared to pre-acupuncture(P<0.05). After electric acupuncture, also the transit time of rectosigmoid colon was shortened statistic significance compared to pre-acupuncture(P<0.05), but not to simple acupuncture(P>0.05). Conclusion : In normal persons without constipation, acupuncture affect the colonic transit time differently to the methods of it. In chronic constipation group, simple and electric acupuncture only reduces the rectosigmoid colonic transit time statistically significant(P<0.05).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.220-225
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• 2004

We undertook this study to investigate the effects of acupuncture and electroacupuncture on colonic transit time in old age constipation persons. Twenty three volunteers were old age constipation persons(mean age 69.72±2.43 years, mean defecation rate 1.83±0.41/week). Before acupuncture was only to check the radio-opaque markers transit time all the way through gastrointestinal tract. Simple acupuncture was to apply acupuncture therapy for three days. The fourth acupoints(both ST.25, TE.6) were selected and the needle was kept for 15 minutes. Electroacupuncture was same as the simple acupuncture except for applying 2Hz electrical stimulation. After Then we compare with three method Each transit time in the whole colon, right colon, left colon and rectosigmoid colon were checked in the order of before acupuncture, simple acupuncture, and electroacupuncture stimulation. In the before acupuncture stimulation, the transit time in each part of colon was as follows 19.48±1.76 32.74±2.69 25.61±2.13 76.62±7.95 hours. Simple acupuncture stimulation, the transit time was 17.47±1.10 33.10±1.87 24.12±1.65 74.87±3.91 hours. Compared with before acupuncture stimulation, the transit time was significantly shortened(P<0.05), especially in right colon transit time of simple acupuncture stimulation was significantly shortened(P<0.05). Electroacupuncture stimulation, was 16.32±1.97 32.91±2.48 21.53±1.94 71.59±2.82. Compared with the previous two trial, transit time in right colon and rectosigmoid colon were significantly shortened(P<0.05). Acupuncture and electroacupuncture stimulation change on the right colonic transit time in old age constipation persons and rectosigmoid colonic transit time was changed as electroacupuncture stimulation. In other words, old age constipation persons who suffer chronic constipation, acupuncture and electroacupuncture stimulation reduces the total colonic transit time.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.311-318
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• 1998

Amis:ST25(Chonchu) and ST37(Sanggoho) are usually used acupoints to management several disease which induced to abnormal intestinal motility as diarrhea, constipation. Colonic transit time by radio opaque marker is able to study easily and useful method for evaluation of colonic motility. The aim of this study was to assess the effect on colonic transit time by manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture stimulation of ST25, ST37 in normal adult. Method: Colonic transit time, including Rt colon, Lt colon, rectosigmoid colon was measured by radio opaque marker in 11 normal adults. Colon transit time was measured before stimulation and after stimulation on ST25, ST37 by manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture. Each person was treated manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture stimulation for 3 days before colonic transit time measurement with 1 week interval. Result: Colon transit time before stimulation was measured $10.60{\pm}12.11$, $3.92{\pm}7.72$, $3.27{\pm}6.37$, $3.41{\pm}5.57$ hours total colon, Rt colon, Lt colon, rectosigmoid colon, respectively. Colon transit time after manual acupuncture is measured $10.48{\pm}12.35$, $3.72{\pm}7.52$, $3.37{\pm}6.76$, $3.39{\pm}5.84$ hours total colon, Rt colon, Lt colon, rectosigmoid colon, respectively. Colon transit time after electroacupuncture stimulation is measured $10.30{\pm}13.21$, $3.92{\pm}8.02$, $3.07{\pm} $, $3.31{\pm}5.49$ hours total colon, Rt colon, Lt colon, rectosigmoid colon, respectively. Significant change was observed Lt colon transit time after electroacupuncture as compared before acupuncture(P<0.05). Conclusion: Theses results suggest that manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture of ST25, ST37 in normal adults does not change colonic transit time.

• Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.643-655
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• 2018

Background/Aims Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disease characterized by intestinal dysmotility, the mechanism of which remains elusive. We aim to determine whether the high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1), a determinant of cholinergic signaling capacity, modulates intestinal motility associated with stress-induced IBS. Methods A rat IBS model was established using chronic water avoidance stress (WAS). Colonic pathological alterations were evaluated histologically and intestinal motility was assessed by intestinal transit time and fecal water content (FWC). Visceral sensitivity was determined by visceromotor response to colorectal distension. RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunostaining were performed to identify colonic CHT1 expression. Contractility of colonic muscle strips was measured using isometric transducers. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure acetylcholine (ACh). We examined the effects of MKC-231, a choline uptake enhancer, on colonic motility. Results After 10 days of WAS, intestinal transit time was decreased and fecal water content increased. Visceromotor response magnitude in WAS rats in response to colorectal distension was significantly enhanced. Protein and mRNA CHT1 levels in the colon were markedly elevated after WAS. The density of CHT1-positive intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal and myenteric plexus neurons in WAS rats was higher than in controls. Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate partly reversed CHT1 upregulation and alleviated colonic hypermotility in WAS rats. Pharmacological enhancement of CHT1 activity by MKC-231 enhanced colonic motility in control rats via upregulation of CHT1 and elevation of ACh production. Conclusion Upregulation of CHT1 in intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal and myenteric plexus neurons is implicated in chronic stress-induced colonic hypermotility by modulation of ACh synthesis via nuclear factor-kappa B signaling.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1199-1206
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• 2004

This study was examined the effects of Daesenggi-Tang on intestinal mucosa and gastrointestinal transit time and plasma lipids in rats. Adult male rats were fed four weeks on diets containing no addition(basal diet group), 5% cellulose(cellulose group) and Daesenggi-Tang group(Daesenggi-Tang group). The results were as follows; 1. The gastrointestinal transit times was significantly decreased in Daesenggi-Tang administered group compare to basal diet and cellulose groups. Carmine red mixed with Daesenggi-Tang, as a marker, was administered through a gastric tube for stomach or intracecally by a chronically implanted catheter for colon transit. Small intestinal transit and large intestinal transit time were significantly decreased in Daesenggi-Tang administered group compare to basal diet. 3. The height of jejunal villi was developed in Daesenggi-Tang administered group compare to basal diet. The thickness of mucosa and muscle layer of colonic mucosa were significantly developed in Daesenggi-Tang administered group compare to basal diet group. 4. The numerical change of goblet cell in colonic mucosa was increased acid mucin stained alcian blue in Daesenggi-Tang administered group compare to basal diet and cellulose group. 6. HDL-cholesterol of plasma lipid was increased in Daesenggi-Tang administered group compare to basal diet and cellulose groups. Theses results suggests that Daesenggi-Tang may be used in prevention and treatment of constipation resulting in increase of fecal weight, decrease of gastrointestinal transit time, development of intestinal villi, intensify of stainability of acid mucin in colon.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.187-193
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• 2004

Constipation is a common clinical problem that comprises of symptoms that include excessive straining, hard feces, feeling of incomplete evacuation and infrequent defecation. Although many conditions, such as metabolic problems, fiber deficiency, anorectal problem, an drug, can cause constipation. This study was examined the effects of Chilsun-Whan on intestinal mucosa and gastrointestinal transit time and plasma lipids in rats. Adult male rats were fed for weeks on diets containing no addition(basal diet group), 5% cellulose(cellulose group) and 2.5% . Chilsun-Whan group(Chilsun-Whan group). The results were as follows; 1. The fecal weght was significantly increased 2 times in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet group. 2. The gastrointestinal transit times was significantly decreased in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet. 3. Carmine red mixed with Chilsun-Whan, as a marker, was administered through a gastric tube for stomach or intracecally by a chronically implanted catheter for colon transit. Small intestinal transit and large intestinal transit time were significantly decreased in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet. 4. The height of jejunal villi was developed in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet The thickness of mucosa and muscle layer of colonic mucosa were significantly developed in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet group. 5. The change of goblet cell in colonic mucosa was increased acid mucin stained alcian blue in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet and cellulose group. 6. HDL-cholesterol of plasma lipid was increased in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet and cellulose groups. Theses results suggests that Chilsun-Whan may be used in prevention and treatment of constipation resulting in increase of fecal weight, decrease of gastrointestinal transit time. development of intestinal villi, intensify of stainability of acid mucin in colon.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2010

2 week study was conducted to investigate the effects of Interferential Current(IC) and Kaltenborn-Evjenth Orthopedic Manual Therapy(KEOMT) on functional constipation. Interventions were applied to spinal segments between $T_9-L_2$ which provides innervations to the gastrointestinal tract. Subjects(n=24) were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: the IC group or the KEOMT group. Results for the IC therapy demonstrated significant decrease with the colonic transit time(CTT) as well as scores on the constipation assessment scale(CAS). The frequency of defecations per week had increased significantly(p<0.05). The KEOMT displayed decreased CTT in the left colon region. The scores on the CAS were reduced and frequency of defecations per week had increased significantly (p<0.05). This study not only showed that both modes of therapy improved symptoms of constipation, but also optimized gastrointesti. nal content movement, eventuating in a more normalized CTT. In conclusion, both the IC therapy and the Kaltenborn-Evjenth Orthopedic Manual Therapy have shown to be effective interventions for improving functional constipation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.237-241
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• 2012

Colonic transit time plays an important role in creating a disease category and treatment plan in patients with chronic constipation or bowel movement problem. The aim of this study is to establish normal colon transit time using Kolomark, a radiopaque marker in dogs. The transit time of Kolomark in colon was measured every 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 hours in 11 healthy Beagle dogs with oral administration of the marker. Kolomark began to appear in colon after 4 hours from administration and the largest number of Kolomark in colon was observed after 12 hours. Then, after 24 hours, some quantity of Kolomark was found but Kolomarks were all eliminated from the colon after 48 hours. The mean emptying time of Kolomark was 28.36 hours. Based on this study, the normal range of colon transit time in dogs was established by using the Kolomark, and it could be used as reference data for objective evaluation of constipation in canine patients.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.208-212
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• 2012

In the present study, we examined whether four grains including adlay (AD), buckwheat (BW), glutinous barley (GB), and white rice (WR) affect the duration of food residence in the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic enzyme activities in rats fed different combinations of the grains. The rats were raised for 4 weeks on a high fat diet based on the American Institute of Nutrition-93 (AIN-93G) diets containing 1% cholesterol and 20% dietary lipids. Forty male rats were divided into four groups and raised for 4 weeks with a diet containing one of the grains. Corresponding to the dietary fiber contents of the experimental grains, gut transit time was shortest in the rats fed GB and increased in the order of BW, AD, and WR. In addition, the accumulated shortest transit time occurred in the GB group. Gut transit time affected weight gain and major organ weight, as it was closely related to the absorption of nutrients. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in liver was higher in rats fed WR, AD, BW, and GB, indicating that the other grains decreased oxidative stress in vivo more than WR. Glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase levels in the AD, BW, and GB groups were significantly higher than those in the WR group. In conclusion, reduced colonic transit time has been implicated in reducing the incidence of colon cancer, as evidenced by populations consuming diets rich in fiber. Whole grains such as AD, BW, and GB may contribute to a significant supply of antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress if they are consumed in large amounts.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.991-998
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• 1998

The effects of indigestible dextrin on serum lipid and glucose concentrations, large intestinal functions, feces states, and gastrointestinal transit time were studied with 90 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Diets contained 0.5% cellulose(0.5CL control), 10% cellulose(10CL), and 10% indigestible dextrin I (10ID-I), respectively and were fed to the rats for 3 weeks. Serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were lower in rats fed the 10ID-I diet. Serum triglyceride concentration was lower in rats fed the 10CL diet. Cecal content and cecum weight significantly increased in the rats fed the 10ID- I diet. Cecal pH of the rats fed the 10ID-I diet was lower than that of the rats fed the 0.5CL diet. Changes of fecal output were not observed in case of 0.5CL and 10ID-I diets but a significant increase was observed in the case of 10CL. Gastrointestinal transit time of 10ID-I was the longest among the three diets. These results demonstrate that indigestible dextrin delivered to the cecum was not digested and increased the cecal mass. Indigestible dextrin improves colonic health of rats by inducing low pH of the cecum. (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) 991-998, 1998)