• 수완나부미
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.123-144
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• 2017

The changing of clothes in Balagtas' 1860 fictional comedy La filipina elegante y negrito amante (The Elegant Filipina and the Amorous Negrito) is used to explore the ethnic, cultural, and sartorial diversity in 19^th century colonial Philippines. But, how does plurality in men's clothing reflect the socio-economic conditions of the late Spanish colonial period? This paper focuses on the diversity in Philippine men's clothing around 1850 to 1896, taking into account the limited range of colonial archetypes in iconographic and documentary sources. Underscoring the colonial culture that shaped mentalities and tendencies, this study offers insights on how clothing was used and how it was perceived in relation to the wearer. In discussing clothing diversity, distinctiveness was articulated using the work of J.A.B. Wiselius (1875), a Dutch colonial administrator in neighboring Indonesia, who in comparing Spanish and Dutch systems of colonial governance, underscored the Filipino penchant for imitation.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2015

Purpose - This aim of this study is to examine how conglomerates in Korea have evolved from the perspective of institutional economics. The growth of the economy, dominated by large conglomerates, is projected in light of the dynamic equilibrium between government and capitalists. Research design, data, and methodology - The historical formation of big business groups is examined in chronological order. For the analysis, we divide the assessment into three different eras: Japanese colonial rule, liberation up to the civil war, and the fast growing period since the military coup. Each period is viewed as a dynamic equilibrium that is shaped by economic agents. Results and Conclusion - Despite the rise of modern commerce during the colonial era, contemporary conglomerates came into being with the "enemy property" allotted by the government. Around the civil war, the government coexisted with prototype conglomerates through foreign aid. As the external aid decreased, the system could not be sustained anymore, thus the military coup took place. The reinstated strong bond between government and the conglomerates has shaped the forms of the modern conglomerates thereafter.

• 기록학연구
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• 제11호
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• pp.15-40
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• 2005

'Governance' is a subject that is widely discussed these days in the government and the academic world. I think that the new concept, 'governance', is a strategy to develop the democracy of the society in its institutional and functional aspects. When we are going to discuss about governance, public records and their relationships, without understanding the meaning of 'public' in Korea, we cannot expect to discuss the matter precisely. It is said that Korean public service sectors are awash with authoritarianism and unreasonableness, and that they are at the center of seething corruption and bribe scandals. It is the legacy that the regimes adopted in the aftermath of the Japanese colonial rule for 35 years. The colonial legacy included not simply the practice of the Japanese colony, but also people who had collaborated the Japanese. The American military government and Rhee, Sung-Man regime also appointed the same officials to government posts. As was the same case in other areas including economy, press, education, politics, law, etc. In this point of view, "Righting historical wrongs", a controversial issue now in Korea, aims at establishing the right relationships between an individual and the public, and eventually laying the foundation of democracy for future generation, a procedure of achieving good governance. Apparently, Korea has made progress in developing democracy, as well as in reforming the government policy and organization. Many independent commissions are performing the projects instead of the government institutions that mandated to do the job, but has not played their roles. The e-government projects in Korea was launched in 2001 by the former administration. However, the confusion of records-management after the promulgation of the act is the result of the lack of strategy and the inconsistency of the vision. Good record-keeping supports effective, transparent and accountable government. Accountability is a key element of good governance. It is a recognized fact that without information, there is no guidance for decision-making, and accountability. Thus without records, there is no accountability for the decisions of actions. Transparency means that the decisions taken and their enforcement are carried out based on led-out rules and regulations. When both accountability and transparency are non-existent, good governance is bound to fail. Archival institutions have to give an attention to inner-governance because of the new trend of archival practice, namely 'macro-appraisal'. This 'macro-appraisal' is a kind of a functions-based approach. However, macro-appraisal focuses not just on function, but on the three-way interaction of function, structure and citizen, which combined reflect the functioning of the state within civil society, that is to say, its governance. In conclusion, the public and democracy are major challenges in the Korean society. The so-called good governance requires good record management. In this respect, records managers are in the front line of instituting good governance, and achieving better public and democracy for future generation, a procedure of achieving good governance.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.81-112
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• 2015

This essay interrogates the category of the 'global' in the emerging domain of 'global intellectual history'. Through a case study of the Indian social-religious reformer Rammohun Roy (1772/4-1833), I argue that notions of global selfhood and rights-consciousness (which have been preoccupying concerns of recent debates in intellectual history) have multiple conceptual and practical points of origin. Thus in early colonial India a person like Rammohun Roy could invoke centuries-old Indic terms of globality (vishva, jagat, sarva, sarvabhuta, etc.), selfhood (atman/brahman), and notions of right (adhikara) to liberation/salvation (mukti/moksha) as well as late precolonial discourses on 'worldly' rights consciousness (to life, property, religious toleration) and models of participatory governance present in an Indo-Islamic society, and hybridize these with Western-origin notions of rights and liberties. Thereby Rammohun could challenge the racial and confessional assumptions of colonial authority and produce a more deterritorialized and non-sectarian idea of selfhood and governance. However, Rammohun's comparativist world-historical notions excluded other models of selfhood and globality, such as those produced by devotional Vaishnava, Shaiva, and Shakta-Tantric discourses under the influence of non-Brahmanical communities and women. Rammohun's puritan condemnation of non-Brahmanical sexual and gender relations created a homogenized and hierarchical model of globality, obscuring alternate subaltern-inflected notions of selfhood. Class, caste, and gender biases rendered Rammohun supportive of British colonial rule and distanced him from popular anti-colonial revolts and social mobility movements in India. This article argues that today's intellectual historians run the risk of repeating Rammohun's biases (or those of Hegel's Weltgeschichte) if they privilege the historicity and value of certain models of global selfhood and rights-consciousness (such as those derived from a constructed notion of the 'West' or from constructed notions of various 'elite' classicized 'cultures'), to the exclusion of models produced by disenfranchised actors across the world. Instead of operating through hierarchical assumptions about local/global polarity, intellectual historians should remain sensitive to and learn from the universalizable models of selfhood, rights, and justice produced by actors in different spatio-temporal locations and intersections.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제77권
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• pp.137-163
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• 2016

사진, 환등, 영화는 20세기 전반기의 경이롭고 마술적인 시각 기술, 1910년대 중반 상업적 가능성을 확인시킨 시기를 거쳐, 1920~1930년대 내내 문화적 패권을 향유한 유일한 미디어였다. 처음부터 근대적 오락으로 소비된 시각 미디어들에 대한 담론은 1920년대 초반까지 영화보다는 관객이 집합하는 공간인 극장 통제, 즉 군중 통제에 역점을 두고 구성되었다. 그러다 영화 자체가 현대적 문화와 미학의 표준이 된 1920년대 중반 이후 무성영화시대에는 당대의 지배적 학문 분야들인 심리학, 사회학, 대중 심리학의 개념과 이론을 적용하여 영화가 대중에게 미치는 강력한 도덕, 심리, 정신면의 부정적 영향을 강조하게 된다. 이데올로기 도구이자 동시에 근대 리얼리즘의 재현 매체로서 가능성을 지닌 시각 기술과 그것의 정점에 있는 영화의 영향을 부정적으로 규정해 간 것이다. 이 연구는 이러한 '식민적 미디어 영향 담론'이 처음부터 통치의 문제였으며 상업적 소비대중과 저항적 군중 통제를 위한 담론이었음을 주장하였다. 주목해야 할 사실은 이를 통해 일제의 식민지 통치성이 부단히 세계적, 보편적 사유와 지적흐름을 수용하면서 구성되어 갔지만 식민지 대중의 동의를 얻는 데는 실패한 담론이었다는 점이다.

• 수완나부미
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.7-34
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• 2018

Finding distinguishing characteristics of Southeast Asia has proven to be a significant challenge: by focusing on the encounters which primarily colonial British writers had with the region's state rulers, it becomes possible to recover the early conceptualizations of regional governance. The writings of Henry Yule, Anna Leonowens, Sir George Scott, and Hugh Clifford all document the "orientalist" features of Western discourses because these writers at once were affected by it as they contributed to it. The discourse about royalty and rulers was central to many of the tropes associated with orientalism, but also with 'ornamentalism'. David Cannadine has shown that ornamentalism (in which British conceptualized many imperial practices in relation to their own hierarchical conceptions of society) was as critical a feature of imperial outlook as was orientalism. The need to understand ruling elites was at the heart of the imperialist project. Tracing the ways in which colonizing powers represented the region's ruling elite offers a new avenue for recognizing the affinities of the regional experience. Beyond orientalism, the paper explores questions about the representation and presentation of authority. Understanding the conceptualizations of rulers is connected to the comprehension of social organization-including representations of "traditional society."

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.33-50
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• 2014

Investigations on the symbolic role, spiritual health benefits and efficacy of the clothing items of the Ga wolomo (chief priest) have received little attention. Highlighting the relevance of these clothes, this paper focuses on the chief priest's dress code for his appointment, confinement, ordination, ceremonial and daily life activities. Data were collected through content analysis, participant observation and interviews with people from selected Ga communities, such as La, Teshie and Ga Mashie. The findings revealed that the selection of the chief priest is confirmed with a special clothing item. His traditional clothes and adornment also have meanings, importance and symbolic interpretations; explained in their uses, colour and style. As the spiritual head, the role of the chief priest's costume is very distinguished and symbolic in executing his duties; protecting, strengthening faith, confidence and assurance during spiritual healing, and when solving pertinent problems in the community. The paper concludes by recommending further research and documentation on other aspects of the Ga clothing culture, such as hand items and hair styles from the pre-colonial period to the present.

• 적정기술학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2020

This paper deals with challenges of Mongolian government regarding Economic Development Plan (hereafter EDP). EDP has a long history, appearing first in the socialist countries, then in European countries following the European Reconstruction Plan after the Second World War, and then in many developing countries after they gained independence from the colonial rule. Major challenges of the Mongolian EDP are largely related to the absence or lack of integrated approach. We will propose a new integrated framework based on the approach suggested by UNDP. The new framework consists of 5 core areas; 1) institutions and governance, 2) evidence-based and empirically backed policy options, 3) development of budgeting and financial system, 4) and monitoring and evaluation (M&E), 5) capacity development. In order to identify challenges in Mongolia, the new integrated approach was applied to diagnose current states. To understand current states of EDP in Mongolia, survey regarding EDP in Mongolia was conducted for the 43 officials of Ministry of Finance. The same approach was applied for Five-Year Economic Development Plans in Korea to compare performances with EDP in Mongolia. On the basis of comparative analysis of EDPs in Mongolia and Korea, some lessons are suggested.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.78-88
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• 2015

일제강점기인 1920년대에는 다양한 매체가 창간되었고, 발행 부수 확보를 위한 미디어 이벤트를 실시했다. 이중 "삼천리"는 1929년 창간호에서 문인들을 대상으로 한 설문을 통해서 '반도팔경'을 선정하는 미디어이벤트를 기획했다. 이에 반도팔경의 선정과정과 선정된 반도팔경에 대한 분석 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 반도팔경의 선정은 당시의 지식인에 해당하는 문인을 대상으로 한 설문 결과이다. 팔경으로 선정 가능한 경승지에 대한 구체적인 조건은 명시하지 않았다. 젊은이 계몽, 민중 계몽, 아름다운 경승지 소개가 목적이며, 문인들의 반도팔경에 대한 다양한 의견이 개진되었다. 둘째, 반도팔경에 선정된 경승지는 금강산(金剛山), 대동강(大洞江), 부여(扶餘), 경주(慶州), 명사십리(明沙十里), 해운대(海雲臺), 백두산(白頭山), 촉석루(矗石樓)이다. 선정된 팔경은 경승지의 규모나 영역에서 일관성이 없으며, 일부 문인은 선정되지 못한 경승지를 거론하면서 교통의 중요성을 피력했다. 셋째, 기행문으로 발표된 반도팔경 경승지인 백두산과 부여 낙화암에 대한 경관인식이다. 백두산 경관에 유구한 역사와 민족 정기를 대입시켰으며, 조선시대를 부정하면서 부여는 고도 백제로 빈 공간이라고 했다. 기행문은 실제 답사를 다녀온 후 작성된 것이 아니라 기존 발표한 내용을 재편집했다. 넷째, 김동환의 편집으로 1941년 기행문 형식의 "반도산하"가 발간되었다. '사적'과 '경승'으로 구분하여 팔경을 선정하였으며, 보존해야 할 경관과 향유하는 경관을 구분하기 시작했다. 이처럼 본 연구는 1929년 선정된 반도팔경의 분석을 통해서 일제강점기 지식인인 문인의 경관 인식을 도출했다. 이는 미디어 이벤트를 통한 새로운 선정 방식과 기행문을 통한 경관 인식을 확인할 수 있는 실증적 연구로써 의의가 있다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.100-125
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• 2018

일제는 그들의 통치목적을 달성하기 위하여 우리 문화재에 대한 조사와 제도화를 하였다. 이러한 과정은 일본인 관료와 학자들을 중심으로 진행되었으며, 몇 번의 변화를 거쳐 체계화 되었고, 1916년에 제정된 "고적 및 유물 보존규칙"과 1934년에 지정된 문화재들은 현재 우리나라 문화재 정책의 시작점이 되었다. 이 글은 일제강점기에 조선총독부 주도로 진행된 문화재 정책을 문화재에 관한 전반을 심의하던 '위원회'의 인원 구성과 '문화재 목록'의 변화상이라는 관점에서 살펴보았다. 이러한 사항들은 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫째, 조선총독부는 문화재 정책을 입안하고 결정하기 위한 심의기구로 '위원회(보존회)'를 두었는데, 제도와 인적 구성 면에서 조선총독부 관료를 과반 이상 두도록 하여 조선총독부의 정책이 관철되도록 하였다. 이 속에서 조선인은 극소수가 참여하였는데, 그들마저 형식적인 구색 맞추기였다고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 조선총독부가 조사하여 목록화한 문화재는 목록화 계기에 따라 크게 세 시기로 구분된다. 첫 번째 목록(1909~1916)은 등 급제로 대표되는 세키노타다시에 의해 주도되었고, 두 번째 목록(1917~1933)은 대장법으로 대표되는 구로이타가쓰미에 의해 주도되었다. 구로이타가쓰미는 문화재 제도를 입안하고 목록을 공식화 하면서 세키노타다시의 영향에서 멀어지려 하였는데, 이러한 정황이 제도와 실제 목록 내용에서 드러나고 있음을 확인하였다. 세 번째 목록(1934~1945)은 1934년 지정문화재 목록으로 만들어졌는데, 이 단계에서는 세키노타다시의 조사 성과도 반영이 되었으며, 종전의 규정에서 제외되었던 현존사찰의 중요 문화재도 포함이 되었다. 이렇게 1934년을 기점으로 현재 우리나라 문화재 목록의 기본적 체계가 만들어졌다.