• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.292-296
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• 2022

Iatrogenic perforations are severe complications of gastrointestinal endoscopy; therefore, their management should be adequately planned. A 77-year-old man with a history of diverticulosis underwent a colonoscopy for anemia. During the procedure, an iatrogenic perforation occurred suddenly in the sigmoid colon, near a severe angle among the numerous diverticula. Through-the-scope clips were immediately applied to treat it and close mucosal edges. Laboratory tests showed increased levels of inflammation and infection, and although there were no complaints of abdominal pain, the patient had an extremely distended abdomen. A multidisciplinary board began management based on a conservative approach. Pneumoperitoneum was treated with computed tomography-assisted drainage. After 72 hours, his intestinal canalization and laboratory tests were normal. Though this adverse event is rare, a multidisciplinary board should be promptly gathered upon occurrence, even if the patient appears clinically stable, to consider a conservative approach and avoid surgical treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the anti-tumor metastasis by anti-inflammatory and innate immunomodulating effects of extracts of Jipae-san on cancer cells. Methods: Antimetastatic experiments were conducted in vivo mouse model by using 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Cell viability of Jipae-san was tested with 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells, colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells and macrophage. In addition expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and NO induced by LPS was measured after treating with Jipae-san. To observe innate immunomodulating effects of Jipae-san on macrophage, we measured $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-12, IL-6 and MCP-1, respectively. Cell cytotoxicity was tested with the macrophage stimulated with Jipae-san and we evaluated the activation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and NO. And the effect of Jipae-san on metastasis was measured without NK-cell using GM1 serum. Results: Intravenous inoculation of Jipae-san significantly inhibited metastasis of 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, cell growth are closer to 100% less than $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. The expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and NO induced by LPS after treating Jipae-san was down regulated in dose-dependent manner. Level of cytokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-12, IL-6 and MCP-1 of Jipae-san group were up regulated in compared to the control group. The macrophage stimulated with Jipae-san significantly inhibits the cancer cell at ratio of 10:1, 20:1. The activation of NO was significantly up regualted in a group of 5:1, 10:1, 20:1. The depletion of NK-cells by anti-asialo GM1 serum partly abolished the inhibitory effect of Jipae-san on tumor metastasis. Conclusions: Jipae-san appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by inflammation control and activation of innate immune system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.887-896
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• 2023

The inflammatory response have been considered as one of important targets for cancer treatment because they play a key role during all steps of tumor development including initiation, promotion, malignant conversion and progression. To investigate the anti-inflammatory response during anti-tumor activity of an aqueous extracts of Ecklonia cava (AEC), alterations on the distribution of mast cells and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, inflammasome compositional protein and inflammatory cytokines were examined in CT26 colon tumor-bearing BALB/cKorl syngeneic mice after administrating AEC for five weeks. After treatment of AEC, total weight of tumor and necrotic region of tumor section were significantly decreased compared to vehicle treated group. The number of infiltered mast cells was higher in AEC treated group than vehicle treated group, while the expression levels of COX-2 and iNOS were decreased in AEC treated group. Also, similar decrease pattern were detected in the expression levels of NF-κB, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1 (Cas-1) after AEC treatment although the decrease rate was varied. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of three inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were remarkably decreased in AEC treated group compared to vehicle treated group. These results suggest that inhibition of inflammatory response may be tightly associated with anti-tumor activity of AEC in CT26 colon tumor-bearing BALB/cKorl syngeneic mice.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.200-210
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• 2002

Objectives: Dojeckjiyu-tang has been used to treat Hwaseol & Jeokri. The object of this study is examination of the treatment effect of Dojeckjiyu-tang for ulcerative colitis of the mouse descending colon. Methods and Materials : Twenty-one rats were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows: the control group was untreated mice. The UCE group was ulcerative colitis elicited mice. The DJT group was Dojeckjiyu-tang treated mice after ulcerative colitis elicitation. The groups were examined with common morphology, paneth cells in intestinal crypt, absorptive cells and goblet cells in epithelium, cell division in mucose, COX-1 as mucosal protector, COX-2 (which appears to play an important role in inflammation), IL-2R-, ICMA-1-inducing cellular immuno-chainreaction, and the distribution of apoptotic cells. Results: 1. The morphology of colonic mucosa from UCE mice: the disappearance of epithelium and intestinal propria in hemorrhagic erosions were seen, but in the morphology of colonic mucosa from DJT-treated mice, the configuration of epithelium and intestinal propria were the same as normal. 2. The distribution of goblet cells and absorptive cells with microvilli in intestinal propria from UCE mice: a noticeable decrease of goblet cells and absorptive cells with microvilli were seen, but with the distribution of goblet cells and absorptive cells with microvilli in intestinal propria from DJT -treated mice, the configuration of goblet cells and absorptive cells with microvilli were the same as normal. 3. The immunohistochemical stain for BrdD in colonic mucosa and COX-1 in lamina propria from UCE mice: BrdU positive cells and COX-1 positive cells in the region of hemorrhagic erosion disappeared, but in the immunohistochemical stain for BrdU in colonic mucosa and COX-1 in lamina propria from DIT-treated mice, BrdU positive cells and COX-1 positive cells were seen. 4. The immunohistochemical stain for COX-2 in lamina propria, IL-2R-in lamina propria, intestinal propria and submucosa and ICMA-1 in intestinal propria and submucosa from DCE mice: a noticeable increase COX-2, IL-2R-, ICMA-1 positive cells were seen, but in the immunohistochemical stain for COX-2 in lamina propria, IL-2R-in lamina propria, intestinal propria and submucosa and ICMA-1 in intestinal propria and submucosa from DJT-treated mice, a numerical decrease of COX-2, IL-2R-, ICMA-1 positive cells was observed. 5. The distribution of apoptotic cells in epithelium and lamina propria from UCE mice: a noticeable increase of apoptotic cells in region of hemorrhagic erosion was seen, but in the distribution of apoptotic cells in epithelium and lamina propria from DJT-treated mice, a remarkable decrease of apoptotic cells was seen. Conclusions: According to the above results, Dojeckjiyu-tang has a moderate effect on ulcerative colitis in descending colon.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.899-906
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• 2014

Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) promotes tumor-persistent inflammation, frequently resulting in cancer. Curcumin is a diphenolic turmeric that inhibits carcinogenesis and induces apoptosis. $PGE_2$ inhibits curcumin-induced apoptosis; however, the underlying inhibitory mechanisms in colon cancer cells remain unknown. The aim of the present study is to investigate the survival role of $PGE_2$ and whether addition of exogenous $PGE_2$ affects curcumininduced cell death. HCT-15 cells were treated with curcumin and $PGE_2$, and protein expression levels were investigated via Western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels were confirmed using specific dyes. The nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) DNA-binding was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). $PGE_2$ inhibited curcumin-induced apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress and degradation of PARP and lamin B. However, exposure of cells to the EP2 receptor antagonist, AH6809, and the PKA inhibitor, H89, before treatment with $PGE_2$ or curcumin abolished the protective effect of $PGE_2$ and enhanced curcumin-induced cell death. $PGE_2$ activates PKA, which is required for cAMP-mediated transcriptional activation of CREB. $PGE_2$ also activated the Ras/Raf/Erk pathway, and pretreatment with PD98059 abolished the protective effect of $PGE_2$. Furthermore, curcumin treatment greatly reduced phosphorylation of CREB, followed by a concomitant reduction of $NF-{\kappa}B$ (p50 and p65) subunit activation. $PGE_2$ markedly activated nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$. EMSA confirmed the DNA-binding activities of $NF-{\kappa}B$ subunits. These results suggest that inhibition of curcumin-induced apoptosis by $PGE_2$ through activation of PKA, Ras, and $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathways may provide a molecular basis for the reversal of curcumin-induced colon carcinoma cell death.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2010

Saengmaeksan (SMS) is a well known Korean traditional herbal prescription, which consists of 3 different herbs, Radix Ophiopogonis, Radix Ginseng, and Fructus Schisandrae. SMS has been commonly used in various disease including respiratory system and cardiovascular System in Korea. The objective of this study is to find out the improving effects of SMS against Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis. SMS reduced clinical signs of DSS-induced colitis, including body weight loss, shorten colon length, and increased disease activity index. The results showed that SMS significantly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ p65 in the colon tissues of DSS-treated mice. In addition, we observed that result showed that the levels of IL-6 in plasma were increased in DSS treated group compared to those of the normal group, but these increased levels were reduced by administration with SMS. Taken together, these findings suggest that SMS has improving effects on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis, which may explain its beneficial effect in the regulation of chronic intestinal inflammation.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.91-95
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• 2002

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, which shows characteristic eosinophilic inflammation, involves any part of the intestine from esophagus to colon. The immunopathogenesis is expected to be associated with IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated reaction, but the precise mechanism is not revealed yet. The clinical manifestation is variably dependent on the extent of eosinophilic infiltration. Usually the symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, wax and wane for a few months result in failure to thrive, which implicates the importance of early detection. Although the diagnosis is made through clinical and histopathologic evidences, we should suspect the illness in a case of anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral eosinophilia. Recently, we experienced a case of non-IgE-mediated eosinophilic colitis in a 11-year-old male who complained of diarrhea, right lower abdominal pain, body weight loss, was diagnosed with peculiar histopathologic finding of sigmoid colon specimens obtained by sigmoidoscopy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.627-637
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• 2023

Background: Damage to the healthy intestinal epithelial layer and regulation of the intestinal immune system, closely interrelated, are considered pivotal parts of the curative treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Plant-based diets and phytochemicals can support the immune microenvironment in the intestinal epithelial barrier for a balanced immune system by improving the intestinal microecological balance and may have therapeutic potential in colitis. However, there have been only a few reports on the therapeutic potential of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PENs) and the underlying mechanism in colitis. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of PENs from Panax ginseng, ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GENs), in a mouse model of IBD, with a focus on the intestinal immune microenvironment. Method: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of GENs on acute colitis, we treated GENs in Caco2 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and analyzed the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Furthermore, we further examined bacterial DNA from feces and determined the alteration of gut microbiota composition in DSS-induced colitis mice after administration of GENs through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Result: GENs with low toxicity showed a long-lasting intestinal retention effect for 48 h, which could lead to effective suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 production through inhibition of NF-κB in DSS-induced colitis. As a result, it showed longer colon length and suppressed thickening of the colon wall in the mice treated with GENs. Due to the amelioration of the progression of DSS-induced colitis with GENs treatment, the prolonged survival rate was observed for 17 days compared to 9 days in the PBS-treated group. In the gut microbiota analysis, the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota was decreased, which means GENs have therapeutic effectiveness against IBD. Ingesting GENs would be expected to slow colitis progression, strengthen the gut microbiota, and maintain gut homeostasis by preventing bacterial dysbiosis. Conclusion: GENs have a therapeutic effect on colitis through modulation of the intestinal microbiota and immune microenvironment. GENs not only ameliorate the inflammation in the damaged intestine by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines but also help balance the microbiota on the intestinal barrier and thereby improve the digestive system.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2006

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha $(TNF-{\alpha})$ plays a variety of biological functions such as apoptosis, inflammation and immunity. PTEN also has various cellular function including cell growth, proliferation, migration and differentiation. Thus, possible relationships between two molecules are suggested. $(TNF-{\alpha})$has been known to downregulate PTEN via nuclear factor-kappa $B(NF-{\kappa}B)$ pathway in the human colon cell line, HT-29. However, here we show the opposite finding that $(TNF-{\alpha})$ upregulates PTEN via activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ in HL-60 cells. $TNF-{\alpha}$ increased PTEN expression at HL-60 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but the response was abolished by disruption of $NF-{\kappa}B$ with p65 anisense oligonucleotide or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). We found that $TNF-{\alpha}$ activated the $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathways, evidenced by the translocation of p65 to the nucleus in $TNF-{\alpha}-treated$ cells. We conclude that $TNF-{\alpha}$ induces upregulation of PTEN expression through $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in HL-60 cells.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.47-62
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• 2010

Objectives: Colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by colonic mucosal inflammation and chronic relapsing events represents. The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of pharmacopuncture of anti-inflammatory herbal compound (AiC) applied to the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) intracolonic injection in rats. Methods: In Male Sprague - Dawley rats, weighing 250~400g, TNBS (5 mg/kg) was infused intrarectally through a silicon rubber catheter into the anus under isoflurane anaesthesia. Acupoints of LI4 (Hapkok), ST25 (Cheonchu), ST36 (Joksamni), and BL25 (Daejangsu) were intramuscularly injected by AiC, respectively (injection volume & times: 0.2 ml / acupoint, twice times on the 2nd & 3rd day). Expressions of cFos protein in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and the 6th lumbar spinal cord (L6 s.c.) were observed at 24 hr after TNBS induced colitis by immunohistochemistry. Results: The expression of c-Fos protein in the L6 s.c., Sol, LC and PAG increased 24 hr after TNBS injection into colorectum as compared to normal and 50% ethanol treated group. AiC to LI4 inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in Sol and PAG but not L6 s.c. and LC. AiC to ST36 showed significant inhibition the c-Fos expression in L6 s.c., Sol and PAG. AiC to ST25 only showed the effects in L6 s.c. and PAG. AiC to BL25 inhibited significantly the expression of c-Fos protein all over the areas. To investigate whether or not endogenous opioids are involved, intrathecal injection of naltrexone (30ug/30ul) was applied before the 2nd pharmacopuncture treatment 24 hr after TNBS-induced colitis in rat. Naltrexone reversed the inhibition of c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord and brainstem. Conclusions: These data show that pharmacopuncture of Aic potently inhibits signal pathways ascending hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis and depends on the endogenous opioids according to acupoints.