• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.665-670
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were conducted to characterize pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) extracted from bones (PSC-B), skins (PSC-S), and tendons (PSC-T) of duck feet and to determine their thermal and structural properties, for better practical application of each part of duck feet as a novel source for collagen. PSC was extracted from each part of duck feet by using 0.5 M acetic acid containing 5% (w/w) pepsin. Electrophoretic patterns showed that the ratio between α₁ and α₂ chains, which are subunit polypeptides forming collagen triple helix, was approximately 1:1 in all PSCs of duck feet. PSC-B had slightly higher molecular weights for α₁ and α₂ chains than PSC-S and PSC-T. From the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), higher onset (beginning point of melting) and peak temperatures (maximum point of curve) were found at PSC-B compared to PSC-S and PSC-T (p<0.05). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) presented that PSC-S and PSC-T had similar intermolecular structures and chemical bonds, whereas PSC-B exhibited slight difference in amide A region. Irregular dense sheet-like films linked by random-coiled filaments were observed similarly. Our findings indicate that PSCs of duck feet might be characterized similarly as a mixture of collagen type I and II and suggest that duck feet could be used for collagen extraction without deboning and/or separation processes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 2000

To determine biosafety of fluorosilicic acid as a source of fluoride, we carried out acute toxicity and general pharmacological studies using mouse. Fluorosilicic acid had little effects on general behavior, pain response, convulsion, skeletal muscle function and intestinal mobility as compared to controls. It had either little adverse effects on alkaline phosphatase and collagen levels in osteoblast cells. This study supports the safety of fluorosilicic acid in animals.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.952-956
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• 2006

A phytochemical investigation of stems from Salvadora persica resulted in the first isolation of four benzylamides from a natural source. The isolated compounds were identified as butanediamide, $N^{1},\;N^{4}$-bis(phenylmethyl)-2(S)-hydroxy-butanediamide (1), N-benzyl-2-phenylacetamide (2), N-benzylbenzamide (3) and benzylurea (4). The structure elucidation was accomplished using spectroscopic methods, especially 2D NMR and HREIMS. Compound 2 revealed a significant inhibitory effect on human collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and a moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2020

This study aims to review the progress of biotechnological applications of sea cucumber and presents fundamental validation data on a range of methods and applications to determine the most promising fields for future exploitation and application. Sea cucumbers from different regions, subjected to numerous industrially applicable drying methods, were evaluated for their biochemical composition. The study highlights the nutritional excellence of Jeju red sea cucumber, particularly the high amino acid and fatty acid composition of its intestinal organs and the possibility of the industrial utilization of these organs. In addition, an efficient extraction method to extract collagen and chondroitin sulfate from red sea cucumber was established. The extracted collagen and chondroitin sulfate can be used as commercially valid biomaterials. Accordingly, the red sea cucumber was confirmed as a valuable source of raw food material of varied functionality and bioactivity. Upon conducting an analysis of patents thus far relating to the sea cucumber, it was found that the associated technology was limited to some parts of primary and secondary industries. Therefore, there is a clear need for the strategic development of technologies to produce specialized functional products from sea cucumber's raw materials, with a view to promote other related industries.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.459-473
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• 2014

The recent mass appearances of jellyfish in Korea have caused economic and social damage, as they plague swimmers and fishermen. However, jellyfish have high economic and nutritional value, and contain low levels of calories and hydrolysates. Thus, jellyfish are a natural, healthy food that can improve high blood pressure, bronchitis, and a multitude of other diseases. Here, we present research on the ecology, classification, bloom, damage caused, food component characterization, and tissues of jellyfish, with the aim of facilitating further study. Research on use of jellyfish as salted products, and for collagen and qniumucin would also be valuable. A jellyfish body is classified into three parts: the body, termed the umbrella; the oral arm; and the tentacle. Jellyfish are planktonic marine members of a group of invertebrate animals comprising the classes Schypozoa (phylum Cnidaria) and Cuboza. In Korea in 2012, jellyfish damage resulted in decreases of annual catch and commercial value estimated at 177 and 141 billion won, respectively. Because concentrations of heavy metals are below the safety limits for seafood, dried jellyfish appear to be safe raw materials for food. The proximate compositions of Nemopilema nomurai and Aurelia aurita were 97.1% and 96.5% moisture, 0.9% and 1.2% crude proteins, undetected and 0.1% crude lipids, and 1.7% and 1.8% ash, respectively. According to their total contents of essential, total, and non-essential amino acids, jellyfish gonads were deemed good-quality protein. Because the major functional components of jellyfish are collagen and qniumucin, jellyfish can be used salted, or these components of healthy diets can be extracted from them. For more effective use of jellyfish, unit costs should be decreased and safety guaranteed. Additionally, dehydrators attached to conveyor belts should be developed. Since jellyfish can be used throughout the year, they should be listed in the Korean Food Standards Codex as a food source.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.259-264
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• 2005

Transplantation of cultured chondrocytes can regenerate cartilage tissues in cartilage defects in humans. However, this method requires a long culture period to expand chondrocytes to a large number of cells for transplantation. In addition, chondrocytes may dedifferentiate during long-term culture. These problems can potentially be overcome by the use of undifferentiated or partially developed cartilage precursor cells derived from neonatal cartilage, which, unlike chondrocytes from adult cartilage, have the capacity for rapid in vitro cell expansion and may retain their differentiated phenotype during long-term culture. The purpose of this study was to compare the cell growth rate and phenotypic modulation during in vitro culture between adult chondrocytes and neonatal chondrocytes, and to demonstrate the feasibility of regenerating cartilage tissues in vivo by transplantation of neonatal chondrocytes expanded in vitro and seeded onto polymer scaffolds. When cultured in vitro, chondrocytes isolated from neonatal (immediately postpartum, 2 h of age) rats exhibited much higher growth rate than chondrocytes isolated from adult rats. After 5 days of culture, more neonatal chondrocytes were in the differentiated state than adult chondrocytes. Cultured neonatal chondrocytes were seeded onto biodegradable polymer scaffolds and transplanted into athymic mice's subcutaneous sites. Four weeks after implantation, neonatal chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds formed white cartilaginous tissues. Histological analysis of the implants with hematoxylin and eosin showed mature and well-formed cartilage. Alcian blue/ safranin-O staining and Masson's trichrome staining indicated the presence of highly sulfated glycosarninoglycans and collagen, respectively, both of which are the major extracellular matrices of cartilage. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the collagen was mainly type II, the major collagen type in cartilage. These results showed that neonatal chondrocytes have potential to be a cell source for cartilage tissue engineering.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.485-495
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• 2019

Photobiomodulation (PBM) using organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) surface light sources have recently been claimed to be the next generation of PBM light sources. However, the differences between light emitting diodes (LEDs) and OLED mechanisms in vitro and in vivo have not been well studied. In vivo mouse models were used to investigate the effects of OLED irradiation on cellular function and cutaneous wound healing compared to LED irradiation. Mice in the LED- and OLED-irradiated groups were subjected to irradiation with 6 J/㎠ LED and OLED (630 nm), respectively, for 14 days after wounding, and some mice were sacrificed for the experiments on days 3, 7, 10, and 14. To evaluate wound healing, we performed hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining and quantified collagen density by computerized image analysis. The results showed that the size of the wound, collagen density, neo-epidermis thickness, number of new blood vessels, and number of fibroblasts and neutrophils was significantly influenced by LED and OLED irradiation. The tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were investigated by immunohistochemical staining. LED and OLED irradiation resulted in a significant increase in the tissue IL-β and IL-6 levels at the early stage of wound healing (P < 0.01), and a decrease in the tissue TNF-α level at all stages of wound healing (P < 0.05), compared to the no-treatment group. The expression levels of the genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 were significantly increased in LED and OLED-irradiated wound tissue at the early stage of wound healing (P < 0.01) compared to the no-treatment group. Thus, OLED as well as LED irradiation accelerated wound healing by modulating the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the expression levels of genes encoding growth factors, promoting collagen regeneration and reducing scarring. In conclusion, this suggests the possibility of OLED as a new light source to overcome the limitations of existing PBMs.

• Biomaterials Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2018

Background: The chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is regulated by many factors, including oxygen tensions, growth factors, and cytokines. Evidences have suggested that low oxygen tension seems to be an important regulatory factor in the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in various MSCs. Recent studies report that synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SDSCs) are a potential source of stem cells for the repair of articular cartilage defects. But, the effect of low oxygen tension on the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in SDSCs has not characterized. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on proliferation and chondrogenesis in SDSCs. Method: SDSCs were isolated from patients with osteoarthritis at total knee replacement. To determine the effect of oxygen tension on proliferation and colony-forming characteristics of SDSCs, A colony-forming unit (CFU) assay and cell counting-based proliferation assay were performed under normoxic (21% oxygen) or hypoxic (5% oxygen). For in vitro chondrogenic differentiation, SDSCs were concentrated to form pellets and subjected to conditions appropriate for chondrogenic differentiation under normoxia and hypoxia, followed by the analysis for the expression of genes and proteins of chondrogenesis. qRT-PCR, histological assay, and glycosoaminoglycan assays were determined to assess chondrogenesis. Results: Low oxygen condition significantly increased proliferation and colony-forming characteristics of SDSCs compared to that of SDSCs under normoxic culture. Similar pellet size and weight were found for chondrogensis period under hypoxia and normoxia condition. The mRNA expression of types II collagen, aggrecan, and the transcription factor SOX9 was increased under hypoxia condition. Histological sections stained with Safranin-O demonstrated that hypoxic conditions had increased proteoglycan synthesis. Immunohistochemistry for types II collagen demonstrated that hypoxic culture of SDSCs increased type II collagen expression. In addition, GAG deposition was significantly higher in hypoxia compared with normoxia at 21 days of differentiation. Conclusion: These findings show that hypoxia condition has an important role in regulating the synthesis ECM matrix by SDSCs as they undergo chondrogenesis. This has important implications for cartilage tissue engineering applications of SDSCs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.735-739
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• 2002

Large quantities of porcine hepatocyte aggregates with various degrees of aggregation (DA) could be obtained by controlling the suspension periods (0,9,24, and 48 h), and by entrapping the hepatocyte aggregates in model materials of encapsulation such as Ca-alginate and type-I collagen gels. The effects of DA on liver-specific functions of hepatocytes were evaluated in order to obtain optimum DA for the cell source of bioartificial liver (BAL) systems. Irregular rugged aggregates (size $75 \pm 28$ $\mu\textrm{m}$) farmed by 24 h of suspension culturing showed peak viability and hepatic functions such as ammonia removal and albumin secretion in the two types of entrapment systems, thus offering themselves as a stable cell source of a BAL system for hepatic functions and scale-up.