• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.511-521
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• 2001

Microorganisms were isolated and identified from bovine 296 quarters which showed positive reaction by California Mastitis Test (CMT) in 40 farms of Jeju from September 1999 to June 2000. The organisms associated with the mastitis of bovine were 11 different bacterial species in this study. Which of them, Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant species as 152 (51.4%) isolates. Other identified species included 49 (16.5%) coliform, 47 (15.8%) Streptococcus dysgalactiae, 15 (5.1%) Bacillus spp., 8 (2.7%) Staphylococcus epidermidis, 6 (2.1%) Streptococcus agalactiae, 5 (1.7%) Enterococcus faecalis, 5 (1.7%) Corynebacterium spp., 3 (1.0%) Streptococcus uberis, 1 (0.3%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 (0.3%) Pasteurella haemolytica. Almost of all the islolated beacterial species showed high sensitivity against kanamycin (98.6%), cephalothin (98.0%), streptomycin (94.9%), gentamicin (94.6%), ampicillin (92.2%) and polymyxin B (90.2%). On the contrary, they showed resistance against penicillin (47.0%), tetracycline (37.2%), cefazolin (26.0%), bacitracin (22.6%) and erythromycin (19.9%). Eighty-one isolates were not resistant to any antibiotics and 215 drug resistant isolates showed 89 different drug resistance patterns from single to nine multiple antibiotics resistance patterns.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2014

In India, disposal of vegetable market waste along with municipal solid waste in landfills or dumpsites is creating much nuisance in terms of odor nuisance, leachate production, and greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere. Therefore, vegetable waste with high biodegradable and nutrient content is composted in a 550-L batch scale rotary drum composter to study the degradation process and its compost properties for its potential reuse as high quality compost. A total 150 kg of working volume was fixed for composting studies with two different ratios, trial A (6:3:1) of C/N 24 and trial B (8:1:1) of C/N 30, respectively. A maximum of $63.5^{\circ}C$ and $61.2^{\circ}C$ was observed in trials A and B; an average of $55^{\circ}C$ for more than 5 days, which helped in the degradation of organic matter and reduction of total and fecal coliform. The temperature dropped suddenly after the thermophilic stage in trial B, and leachate was observed due to insufficient amount of bulking agent. Mesophilic bacteria dominated during the initial stages of composting, and reduced considerably during the thermophilic stage. During the thermophilic stage, the rise in spore-forming organisms, including spore-forming bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and streptomycetes, increased and these were predominant until the end of the composting process. By examination, it was observed that moisture and leachate production had adverse effects on the compost parameters with higher loss of micronutrients and heavy metals.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 1993

A survey was conducted to measure concentration of airborne microbe in a hospital using RSC air sampler during October~November 1991.The result was as follows: 1) In an agar strip GK-A media for total counts of microbial particles. The highest count were 1384 CFU/m$^3$ in the main lobby, followed by 912 CFU/m$^3$, in the obstetric room, 688 CFU/m$^3$ in 1CU. By gram staining, the distribution for organisms in the air were shown 74.1% in gram possitive cocci followed by 16.8%, in gram possitive bacilli 6.7% in gram negative bacilli and 4.7% in yeast, but low organism was detected in recovery room with 194 CFU/m$^3$. 2) In agar strip S media for Staphylococci the count at the main lobby was detected in the recovery room with 92 CFU/m$^3$, Tests of coagulase were negative Staphylococci with 78%, and positive Staphylococci with 22%. The Staphylococci were highly resistance to penicillin, ampicillin and sensitive to amikacin, cefazolin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol. 3) In agar strip C media for coliform bacteria the colony counts at the main lobby was 139 CFU/m$^3$ and treatment room was 190 CFU/m$^3$, most frequently isolated microorganisms were non fermentative bacilli. 4) In agar strip HS media for yeast and molds. Most frequently colony counts 17~76 CFU/m$^3$, 0.5% lactophenol cotton blue stains were shown unidentified 77.2%, 8.1%, in Penicillium 8.1% in Aspergillus, and 3.8% in mucor.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.246-251
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• 2006

시판 유기질 퇴비(우분, 돈분, 계분 및 혼합분) 16종의 총 호기성 세균수, 대장균 및 대장균군 그리고 Salmonella에 대한 미생물 오염도를 파악하고, 미생물 오염도 저감화 및 위생성 향상을 위해 감마선을 조사한 후 미생물 사멸도를 측정하였다. 총 호기성 세균수는 우분, 돈분, 계분 및 혼합분의 경우 $10^4{\sim}10^\;CFU/g$으로 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 대장균군은 16종의 시료 중 12종의 시료에서 $10^1{\sim}10^3\;CFU/g$의 분포를 나타내었고, 대장균은 3종의 시료에서 $10^1{\sim}10^2\;CFU/g$의 분포를 나타내었다. 또한 SS agar plate 분리 enteric group 미생물은 계분제품 중 1종에서만 검출되었다. 한편 총 호기성세균은 10 kGy 감마선 조사에 의해서 평균 4 log cycle 감소하였으며, 대장균군은 5 kGy 감마선 조사시 완전살균 수준의 감소효과를 나타내었다. E. coli와 SS agar plate 분리 enteric group은 3 kGy 감마선 조사에 의해 완전 사멸되었다. 유기질 퇴비 분포 미생물의 D값은 SS agar plate 분리 enteric group은 0.40 kGy, E. coli는 0.39 kGy의 범위를 나타내었다. 시판 유기질 퇴비는 3 kGy 수준에서 축분뇨발효 비료액의 병원성 미생물 공정규정을 충족할수 있으며, 위생화를 위해서는 5 kGy 수준으로 설정하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1975

A total of 119 raw milk samples from ten dairy farms were examined for total bacterial count, and 739 quarter milk samples of 118 dairy cows of 14 herds were examined for mastitis. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean of total bacterial counts of the 119 raw milk samples was 132,000 per ml. The total bacterial counts of 81 samples (68.1%) were under the standard of 100,000 per ml and those of the 38 samples (31. 9%) were over the standard. The number of bacteria showed a tendency to increase in summer. 2. One hundred and ninety five quarters (26.4%) of 98 cows (52.7%) were proved to be infected with mastitis. Clinical mastitis was found at 7 qtarters (3.5%) of 5 cows (5.0%). 3. Staphylococcus (44.9%) and Streptococcus (26.7%) were two main causative organisms of mastitis. Coliform bacteria (4.6%), Pseuedomonas spp. (4.6%), yeasts (1. 3%) and corynebacterium sp. (0.7%) were also isolated from the infected quarters. 4. The isolates were more sensitive to chloramphenicol ((96.1%), leukomycin (78.8%), streptomycin (75.5%) and tetracycline (72.4%). On the other hand, they were less sensitive to colistin (11.0%), oreandomycin (18.1%), sulfisoxazole (24.6%), penicilline (27.6%), kanamycin (43.3%) and erythromycin (49.7%). Especially the strains of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from the infected quarters were resistant to almost all the drugs examined.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2001

The optimum dosage of quicklime in producing organic fertilizer using livestock wastes vith a greater than 80% water content was analysed. After one day had elapsed to allow for the organic fentilizer to dry, the quicklime dosage and the composition of the organic fertilizer were analysed. Any from done to the organic fertilizer was also assessed. The amount of the quicklime required to stabilize livestock wastes was determined by water content of livestock wastes. For J farm(slurry style) of which livestock wastes have 94.6% of water concentration, less than 3% of total amount of livestock wastes, for H farm (scraper style) of which livestock wastes have 85% of water concentration, less then 4% of total livestock wastes and Y farm(traditional style) of which livestock wastes have 80% of water concentration, less then 5% of total livestock wastes. Generally, in order to pack the organic fertilizer, water containing quicklime0stabilized livestock wastes should be less than 35%. It takes 9 days to keep this water content for the wastes from H and Y farms(less than 85% in water content), and 12 days for the wastes from J (94.6% in water content). According to the classification standard for compost constitution by Higgins, the crude fertilizers from all 3 farms had high grade $K_2O$ and CaO, the middle grade T-N and middle or low grade $P_2O_5$. Stabilization by quicklime is known to inhibit bacterial decomposition of organic matter and the activity of pathogenic organisms. In this study, more then 99.99% of coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count were reduced. Our results indicate that livestock wastes of greater 80% water content could be used to produce organic fertilizer without the addition of a material for moisture control.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1988

수산물 가공에 있어서 품질개량제로 널리 사용되고 있는 sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, 및 polymixer가 위생지표세균 및 식중독 원인세균등 여러세균의 생리, 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 중합인산염의 항균력은 Escherichia colisk Salmonella와 같은 Gram음성 균에 비하여 Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus 및 Bacillus subtilis와 같은 Gram양성균에서 강하게 나타났다. 2. 중합인산염으로 처리 하였을 때 Gram양성균인 Staphylococcus aureus에서는 균체성분의 누출이 확인 되었으나 Gram음성균인 Escherichia coli에서는 균체성분의 누출을 확인할 수 없었다. 3. Sodium polyphosphate $3.5\%$ 용액에 침지한 냉동 명태 fillet는 대조구 보다 대장균군은 $39\~72\%$, 생균수는 $27\~50\%$ 감소 되었으며, 중합인산염 처리는 균의 동결 저항성을 약화 시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1984

The hospital wastewaters have to be so disposed as to prevent disease and to protect water resources from hazardous substances disinfectants, medicines, and chemicals. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex (povidone-iodine) is widely used in the hospital as one of disinfectants. This study was carried out to manifest the effect of disinfectants in growth of activated sludge in treatment of the hospital wastewater by the activated sludge process. The results are as follow. 1. An average water quality of the hospital wastewater showed 7.2 in pH, 3.2 ppm in DO, 293.3 ppm in SS, 96.0 ppm in BOD, 151.1 ppm in COD, 0.4 ppm in povidone-iodine, 0.5 ppm in phenols, 5.4 ppm in surfactants, 1.6 ppm in o-phosphate, 4.6 ppm in $NH_3-N, 249\times 10^4$ counts/100 ml in coliform group organisms, and $1,369\times 10^2$ counts/ml in general counts of bacteria. And wastewater amounts discharged per bed was calculated 70 l/d/bed. 2. In batch culture activated sludge process, each of cresol and povidone-iodine was not effected in less than 0.1 ppm concentration, but the more concentration, the more inhibit the growth rate of activated sludge. In the mixture of two disinfectants, the growth was more inhibited the effect of single disinfectants. So that this reaction is considered as addition effect of two disinfectants. 3. The removal rates of the disinfectants-by continuous culture activated sludge process were 77.6% in 0.4 ppm povidone-iodine, and in BOD was 85.6%. 4. It is desirable that the hospital wastewater is planed in order to be discharged to two system separately, sewer from life system and wastewater from medical system. From those results, it has been concluded that the hospital wastewater has to be treated safely by the activated sludge process.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.127-137
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• 2007

전기분해 염소소독기로 처리한 결과가 국제해사기구의 협약에서 제시한 생물처리 기준(D-2 regulation)을 만족하는지 확인하기 위해 박테리아, 식물플랑크톤($10-50\;{\mu}m$) 및 동물플랑크톤($>50\;{\mu}m$)의 사멸효과를 확인하였다. 실험조건은 대조구와 잔류염소농도 10 ppm(Expt. 1)과 30 ppm(Expt. 2)을 실험구로 설정하였고, 시험수를 $23.8\;m^3/hr$의 속도로 전기분해염소독기에 통과시켰다. 시험수의 생물조건은 국제해사기구에서 작성된 선박 평형수 관리 장치의 승인을 위한 지침서에서 제시한 기준을 따랐다. 식물플랑크톤의 생사판별은 광학현미경, 형광현미경 및 형광측정기(Turner Designs 10-AU)를 이용하여 확인되었다. 두 농도 조건(10 ppm, 30 ppm)의 처리수에서 운동성이 있는 식물플랑크톤은 움직임이 나타나지 않았고, 형광현미경 하에서 엽록소 형광색이 적색에서 녹색으로 바뀌었으며, 형광값은 고농도(Expt. 1: 6.95, Expt. 2: 7.11)에서 0으로 바뀌었다. 이는 식물플랑크톤의 활성이 상실되어 모두 사멸되었음을 의미한다. 동물플랑크톤의 생사판별은 해부현미경하에서 부속지의 움직임을 토대로 결정되었다. 전기분해 염소소독기 처리 후 해양환경에서 채집되어 농축된 자연군집 동물플랑크톤은 모두 사멸되었으나, 일부 Artemia가 생존하였다. 그러나 각 잔류염소 농도조건의 암소에서 노출시킨 지 24시간 뒤에는 모든 동물플랑크톤이 사멸되었다. 박테리아는 Petrifilm plates($3M^{TM}$)를 이용한 접종배양법으로 처리수의 총 세균, 대장균 군 및 대장균의 사멸효과를 확인한 결과, 균주가 전혀 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 각 염소농도 조건의 처리수에서 추가적으로 노출시킨 5일 동안 세 그룹의 생물에서 재성장이 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 세 그룹의 생물에 대한 전기분해염소소독기 처리결과가 국제해사기구에서 제정한 선박 평형수 배출기준을 만족시켰음을 보여주었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.494-499
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• 2010

마즙의 위생성 및 보존성 향상을 목적으로 0, 1, 3 및 5 kGy의 선량으로 감마선을 조사하고 $5^{\circ}C$에서 보관하면서 8일간 마즙의 미생물학적, 일반품질 및 관능평가를 실시하였다. 마즙의 호기성세균 및 대장균군은 각각 1.26 및 1.34 kGy의 $D_{10}$값을 보였으며, $5^{\circ}C$ 저장에 따라 3 및 5 kGy 조사구의 경우 검출한계 이하의 균수를 유지하였다. 효모 및 곰팡이의 D10값은 0.29 kGy로 일반호기성균 및 대장균군 보다 감마선에 높은 감수성을 보였으며, 모든 조사구의 경우 냉장저장에 따라 검출한계 이하의 균수를 나타내었다. 감마선 조사에 따른 마즙의 점성은 조사 선량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내 마즙 특유의 고점성으로 인한 단점을 보완하여 음용의 편이성을 증대시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 마즙의 $L^*$값은 감마선 조사에 따라 감소하였으나 냉장저장에 따른 $L^*$값의 감소율은 비조사구가 가장 켰으며, $b^*$값 또한 감마선 조사에 의해 증가해 갈변이 일어나는 것으로 관찰되었다. 3 및 5 kGy 마즙은 맛을 제외한 조직감, 색, 냄새 및 전체적인 기호도에서 비조사구보다 유의적으로 낮은 선호도를 보였으며, 1 kGy 조사구는 냄새와 색을 제외하고 비조사구와 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 조사에 따른 색의 변화를 최소화하기 위한 항산화제 첨가 또는 포장방법 및 방사선 조건 등에 대한 좀 더 다양한 연구가 보완되어야 할 것으로 판단되며, 약 1 kGy 감마선 조사와 냉장저장을 병행함으로써 마즙의 품질을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.